Teratogens – Flashcards
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Teratogen
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Any agent or stubstanch which can cause developmental abnormalities in the embryo or fetus
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Teratogenicity
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Capabiity of causing develomental abnormality
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Types of teratogens
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Pharmaceuticals
Alcohol
Smoking
Illegal drugs
Infection
Radiation
Maternal disease
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Possible effects of a teratogen
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No appaarent consequence
Altered growth
Abnormal growth in an organ system
Carcinogenesis
Embryonic/fetal death
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Most notorious teratogen
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Thalidomide
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Thalidomide
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Drug that was first invented and marketed as a sleeping pill and later prescribed topreven miscarriage. It was widely distribued in Europe and Australia
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Abnormalities caused by thalidomide
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Almost complete absence of limb development. Humerus/radius/ulna severely shortened and hands almost directly attached to shoulder joint
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Drug that led to the passage of the FDA Pure Food and Drug Act of 1962
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Thalidomide
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Current drugs with known teratogenicity
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Accutane
Tetracycline
Coumadin
Anti-depressants
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Accutane
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A vitamin A derivative used totreatesevere acne
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Tetracycline
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Antibiotic
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Coumadin
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Drug that inhibits or prevents clotting
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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General term for the collective disorders caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
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Clinical signs of FAS
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Slowed growth
Mild to severe devoleopmental delays
Behavioral disturbances
Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, microecephaly and visual impairments)
Eyes may fail to develop (severe cases)
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Direct effect of smoking during pregnancy
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Oxygen delivery to embryo/fetus reduced
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Reason oxygen delivered to embryo is reduced when mother smokes during pregnancy
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The carbon monoxide in the smoke binds to the iron in hemoglobin ~300 times more strongly than oxygen
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Increased risks to the baby from smoking during pregnancy
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Miscarriages (spontaneous abortions)
Pre-term babies
Low birth weight
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
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Increased risks to mother from smoking during pregnancy
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Abruptio placentae
Placenta previa
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Abruptio placentae
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Premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus. This causes severe hemorrhage to both mother and fetus
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Placenta previa
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Abnormal placement of the placenta: Dangerously close to cervix or may completely overlap cervix
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Optimal placement of placenta
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Upper uterine wall
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Risk of placenta close to or overlapping the cervix
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Hemorraging
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Effects to newborns from mothers smoking marijuana during pregnancy
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Tremors
Increased startle reflex
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Effects to mothers from using cocaine during pregancy
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Vasoconstriction of the uterine smooth muscle
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Risks from vasoconstriction of the uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy
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Miscarriage
Abruptio placentae
Intrauterine growth retardation
Pre-term birth
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Effects to newborns from mothers using cocaine during pregancy
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Addiction to cocaine
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Consequence of newborns born to mothers that used cocaine or herion during pregnancy
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Brain damage
Various neurobehavioral abnormalities
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Effects of microbes that infect embryos/fetuses
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Micarriage
Premature birth
Congential defects
Growth retardation
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Microbes most likely to harm embryos/fetuses in the US
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*S*yphilis
*T*oxoplamosis
*O*
*R*ubella
*C*ytomegalovirus
*H*erpes simplex
Measels
Mumps
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Effects of ionizing radiation to individuals
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Damage to the genetic material of the individual
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Ionizing radiation
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Very high energy radiation
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Types of ionizing radiation
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X-rays
Gamma rays
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Possible effect of high doses of ionizing radiation to embryos, fetuses, and newborns
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Death
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Possible effects of lower doses of ionizing radiation on developing babies
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Congenital abnormalities
Growth retardation
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Effects of radiation during embryonic and fetal development
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Increased incidence of cancer during later life
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Population that has a greater than normal incidence of childhood and other cancers
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Survivors of radiation exposure
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Reason ultraviolet radiation is not teratogenic
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Does not possess enough energy
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Effects of ultraviolet radiation
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Sunburn and possible skin cancer for mother, not embryo/fetus
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Diseases and conditions of the mother that could affect the developing embryo/fetus
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Diabetes mellitus
Anemia
Heart disease
Vitamine deficiency
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Most important vitamin for the embryo
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Folic acid/folate
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Folic acid/folate
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Cofactor for DNA synthesis
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Risk of folic acid/folate deficiency of mother on the baby
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Neural tube defects
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Effects of a neural tube that does not close
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Spina bifida
Anecephaly
Menogocoele
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Spina bifida
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Spinal column doesn't close
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Anecephaly
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Embryo's brain fails to develop
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Menigocoele
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Meninges protrude from the skin
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Period of pregnancy in which exposure to a teratogen is much less damaging
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Very early or very late
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Possible consequences of exposure to a teratogen during critical periods
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Harm or kill embryo/fetus
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Reason low to moderate levels of a teratogen may cause no abnormalities to the embryo during the first 2 weeks of life
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Still traveling down the fallopian tube to the uterus and has not, yet, embedded into the endometrial wall so there is not a connection between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems
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Impact of high levels of teratogen often before the mother realizes she is pregnant
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Prenatal death
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Embryonic development during weeks 2-5 of pregnancy
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Rapid development of central nervous and circulatory systems. Development of eye and limb buds
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Impact of teratogens during weeks 2-5 of pregnancy
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Major structural abnormalities and/or death
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Systems and organs effected by teratogens during weeks 4-7 of pregnancy
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Nervous system
Heart
Eyes
Ears
Limbs
Mouth/teeth
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Systems and organs effected by teratogens during weeks 6-10 of pregnancy
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CNS
Heart
Special senses
Limbs
Digestive system
