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Source

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A message initiator.

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Receiver

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A message target.

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Message

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The verbal or nonverbal form of the idea thought, or feeling that one person (the source) wishes to communicate to another person or group of people (the receivers).

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Channel

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The means by which a message moves from the source to the receiver of the message.

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Feedback

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The receiver's verbal and nonverbal response to the source's message.

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Code

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A systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person or persons.

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Verbal Codes

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All symbols that are not words, including bodily movements, use of space and time, clothing and adornments, and sounds other than words.

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Encoding

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The process of translating an idea or thought into a code.

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Decoding

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The process of assigning meaning to the idea or though in a code.

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Noise

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Any interference in the encoding and decoding processes that reduces message clarity.

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Dialogue

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The act of taking part in a conversation, discussion, or negotiation.

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Perceptual Constancy

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The idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist.

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Selective Exposure

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The tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces, rather than contradicts, your beliefs or opinions.

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Selective Attention

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The tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others.

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Selective Perception

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The tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear, and believe.

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Selective Retention

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The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them.

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Figure

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The focal point of your attention.

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Ground

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The background against which your focused attention occurs.

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Proximity

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The principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group.

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Similarity

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The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape.

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Attribution

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The assignment of meaning to people's behavior.

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Attribution Errors

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Occur when people mistakenly explain their own behavior or the behavior of others.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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In judging other people, the tendency to attribute their successes to the situation and their failures to their personal characteristics.

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Self-Serving Bias

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In assessing ourselves, the tendency to attribute our own successes to our personal qualities and our failures to the circumstances.

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Symbolic Interactionism

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The process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

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The idea that you behave and see yourself in ways that are consistent with how others see you.

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Self-Image

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The picture you have or yourself; the sort of person you believe you are.

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Confirmation

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Feedback in which others treat you in a manner consistent with who you believe you are.

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Rejection

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Feedback in which others treat you in a manner that is inconsistent with your self-definition.

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Disconfirmation

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Feedback in which others fail to respond to your notion of self by responding neutrally.

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Self-Esteem

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The feeling you have about your self-concept; that is, how well you like and value yourself.

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Face

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The socially approved and presented identity of an individual.

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Facework

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Verbal and nonverbal strategies that are used to present your own varying images to others and to help them maintain their own images.

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Politeness

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Our efforts to save face for others.

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Semantics

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The study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others.

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Pragmatics

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The study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on the communication.

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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A theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes and our thought processes are limited by out language and, therefore, that language shapes our reality.

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Denotative Meaning

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The agreed-upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word.

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Connotative Meaning

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An individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden.

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Colloquialisms

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Words and phrases used informally.

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Euphemism

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A more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form.

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Doublespeak

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Any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning.

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Slang

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A specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a similar co-culture.

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Jargon

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The technical language developed by a professional group. (EXAMPLES... CPR, InCo, brief, and storyboard)

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Nonverbal Codes

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Codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including non-word vocalizations.

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Kinesics

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The study of bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions.

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Proxemics

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The study of the human use of space and distance.

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Chronemics

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Also called temporal communication; the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and use of it.

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Tactile Communication

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The use of touch in communication.

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Vocal Cues

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All of the oral aspects of sound except words themselves.

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Objectics

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Also called object language; the study of the human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes.

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Hearing

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The act of receiving sound.

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Listening

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The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoke and/or nonverbal messages. It involves the ability to retain information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoke and/or non-verbal messages.

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Selective Attention

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The sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important.

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Automatic Attention

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The instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.

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Working Memory

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The part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli we pay attention to.

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Short-Term Memory

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A temporary storage place for information.

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Long-Term Memory

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Our permanent storage place for information including but not limited to past experiences; language; values; knowledge; images of people; memories of sights; sounds, and smells; and even fantasies.

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Active Listening

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Involved listening with a purpose.

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Empathic Listening

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Listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person.

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Critical Listening

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Listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility.

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Listening For Enjoyment

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Situation involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information.

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Complementary Relationships

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Relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack.

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Symmetrical Relationships

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Relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar.

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Self-Disclosure

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The process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information.

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Dialectic

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The tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas.

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Assimilation Goal

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The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group.

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Accommodation Goal

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The marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.

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Separation Goal

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The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group.

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures.

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Individualistic Cultures

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Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence.

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Collectivist Cultures

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Cultures that value the group over the individual.

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Low-Context (LC) Cultures

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Cultures like the United States and Scandinavia, in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style.

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High-Context (HC) Cultures

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Cultures like those of the Asian Pacific Rim and Central and South America, in which much of the meaning is "pre-programmed information" understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurs.

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Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures

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Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.

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Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures

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Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.

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Implicit-Rule Culture

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A culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participants.

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Explicit-Rule Culture

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A culture in which information, policies, procedures, and expectations are explicit.

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M-Time

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The monochronic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the future.

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P-Time

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The polychronic time schedule, which views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented."

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Inclusion

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The state of being involved with others; a human need.

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Affection

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The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for.

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Control

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The ability to influence our environment.

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Task-Oriented Groups

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Also called secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.

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Relationship-Oriented Groups

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Also called primary groups; groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.

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Assigned Groups

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Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.

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Emergent Groups

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Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.

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Leadership

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A process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals.

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Designated Leader

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Someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position.

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Emergent Leader

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Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward achievement of a group's goal but who does not hold the formal position or role of the leader.

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Power

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Interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership.

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Reward Power

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The ability to give followers what they want and need.

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Punishment Power

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The ability to withhold from followers what they want and need.

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Coercion

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A form of punishment power that attempts to force compliance with hostile tactics.

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Referent Power

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Power based on others' admiration and respect. Charisma is an extreme for of this power that inspires strong loyalty and devotion from others.

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Expert Power

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When the other members value a person's knowledge or expertise.

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Democratic Leaders

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Leaders who encourage members to participate in group decisions.

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Laissez-Faire Leaders

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Leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion.

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Autocratic Leader

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Leaders who maintain strict control over their group.

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Task Functions

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Behaviors that are directly relevant to the group's task and that affect the group's productivity.

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Maintenance Functions

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Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.

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Self-Centered Functions

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Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.

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Groupthink

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An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion.

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Conjunctive Tasks

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Group task for which no one member has all the necessary information but each member has some information to contribute.

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Disjunctive Tasks

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Group tasks that require little coordination and that can be completed by the most skilled member working alone.

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Questions of Fact

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Deal with whether something is true or can be verified.

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Questions of Value

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Ask whether something is good or bad, better or worse.

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Questions of Policy

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Ask what action should be taken.

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Captive Audience

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An audience that has not chosen to hear a particular speaker or speech.

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Voluntary Audience

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A collection of people who choose to listen to a particular speaker or speech.

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Attitude

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A predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.

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Belief

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A conviction; often thought to be more enduring than an attitude and less enduring than a value.

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Value

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A deeply rooted belief that governs our attitude about something.

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Microtargeting

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A method of bringing national issues down to the individual level.

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Trustworthiness

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The degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind; an aspect of credibility.

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Dynamism

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The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive; an aspect of credibility.

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Common Ground

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Also known as co-orientation; the degree to which the speaker's values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience; an aspect of credibility.

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Organizational Patterns

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Arrangements of the contents of a presentation.

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Time-Sequence Pattern

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A method of organization in which the presenter explains a sequence of events in chronological order.

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Cause/Effect Pattern

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A method of organization in which the presenter first explains the causes of an event, and problem, or an issue and then discusses its consequences, results, or effects.

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Problem/Solving Pattern

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A method of organization in which the presenter describes a problem and proposes a solution to that problem.

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Topical-Sequence Pattern

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A method of organization that emphasizes the major reasons an audience should accept a point of view by addressing the advantages, disadvantages, qualities, and types of person, place, or thing.

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Transition

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A bridge between sections of a presentation that helps the presenter move smoothly from one idea to another.

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Signposts

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Ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going.

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Conclusion

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The part that finishes the presentation by fulfilling the four functions of an ending.

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Brakelight Function

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A forewarning to the audience that the end of the presentation is near.

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Extemporaneous Mode

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A carefully prepared and researched presentation delivered in conversational style.

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Impromptu Mode

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Delivery of a presentation without notes, plans, or formal preparation; characterized by spontaneity and conversational language.

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Manuscript Mode

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Delivery of a presentation from a script of the entire speech.

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Memorized Mode

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Delivering a presentation that has been committed to memory.

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Pitch

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The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

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Rate

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The speed at which speech is delivered, normally between 125 and 190 words per minute.

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Pause

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The absence of vocal sound used for dramatic effect, transition, or emphasis.

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Vocalized Pauses

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Breaks in fluency that negatively affect an audience's perception of the speaker's competence and dynamism.

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Enuciation

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The pronunciation and articulation of sounds and words.

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Pronunciation

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The act of correct articulating words.

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Articulation

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The production of sounds; a component of enunciation.

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Fluency

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The smoothness of delivery, the flow of words, and the absence of vocalized pauses.

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Vocal Variety

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Vocal quality, intonation patterns, inflections of pitch, and syllabic duration.

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Skills Approach

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Reducing fear by systematically improving your presenting skills.

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Cognitive Modification Approach

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Using positive thinking to bolster the beginning speaker's confidence.

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Visualization Approach

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Picturing yourself succeeding.

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Relaxation Approach

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Combining deep relaxation with fear inducing thoughts.

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Self-Managed Approach

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Reducing the fear of presenting with self-diagnosis and a variety of therapies.

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Visual Resources

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Any items that can be seen by an audience for the purpose of reinforcing a message.

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Information Hunger

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The audience's need for the information contained in the presentation.

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Information Relevance

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The importance, novelty, and usefulness of the information to the audience.

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Extrinsic Motivation

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A method of making information relevant by providing the audience with reasons outside the presentation itself for listening to the content of the presentation.

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Informative Content

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The main points and subpoints, illustrations, and examples used to clarify and inform.

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Information Overload

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Providing much more information that the audience can absorb in amount, complexity, or both.

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Comparison

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Shows the similarity between something well known and something less known.

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Contrast

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Clarifies by showing differences.

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Synonym

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Defines by using a word close or similar in meaning to the one you are trying to define.

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Antonym

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Defines an idea by opposition

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Operation Definition

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Defines by explaining a process.

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Abstract Words

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Words or phrases that refer generally to ideas, qualities, acts, or relationships.

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Concrete Words

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Words that refer to definite persons, places, objects, and acts.

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Imagery

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Use of words that appeal to the senses, that creat pictures in the mind.

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Explanation

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A means of idea development that simplifies or clarifies an idea while arousing audience interests.

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Narrating

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The oral presentation and interpretation of a story, a description, or an event; includes dramatic reading of prose or poetry.

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Demonstrating

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Showing the audience what you are explaining.

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Boomerang Effect

answer

The audience likes you and your message less after your presentation than they did before.

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Continuance

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Encouraging the audience to keep doing what they are doing.

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Deterrence

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Discouraging listeners from taking some action.

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Adoption

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The listeners start a new behavior as a result of the persuasive presentation.

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Discontinuance

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A persuasive purpose rooted in convincing listeners to stop some current behavior.

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Proposition of Fact

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An assertion that can be proved or disproved as consistent with reality.

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Proposition of Policy

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A proposal of a new rule.

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Proposition of Value

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A statement of what we should embrace as more important to our culture.

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Logos

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Logical proof; as the ancients called it: the use of argument and evidence to persuade.

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Ethos

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Personal proof.

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Pathos

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Emotional proof.

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Gain Attention (Step 1 Monroe's Motivated Sequence)

answer

Your goal at this step is to get audience members to "perk up" and give sustained attention to what you have to say.

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Establish Need (Step 2 Monroe's Motivated Sequence)

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This step of a persuasive presentation is where you identify a problem and explain how that problem affects or is relevant to the audience.

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Satisfaction (Step 3 Monroe's Motivated Sequence)

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In this step you present information audience members need to understand in order to solve the problem.

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Visualization (Step 4 Monroe's Motivated Sequence)

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Your goal is to reinforce the solution in the audience's mind by getting audience members to see how they can take part in a solution that will benefit them and others.

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Call to Action (Step 5 Monroe's Motivated Sequence)

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Often found in conclusion, this step asks the audience members to take specific, concrete steps.

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