Personality: Birth Order, Parents, Instinct
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Personality may be influenced by:
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birth order and characteristics of parents
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an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern. most often applied to animal behavior.
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instinct
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Instinct is a changing, biologically inherited behavior pattern. t/f
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false
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It is the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person. It can develop throughout a person's life. It affects how a person reacts and adjusts in his or her environment.
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personality
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Feral children are ___ in their own homes.
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isolated
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How can the development of aptitudes be encouraged
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positive reinforcement
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Our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have brothers, sisters, both, or neither t/f
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false
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Heredity characteristics include body build, hair type, eye color, and skin pigmentation. t/f
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true
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Aptitude is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge. t/f
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true
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the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.
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heredity
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In the Nature v. Nurture debate, scientists who argue that personality is established by our genetics believe the transmission of these traits are a result of _____.
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heredity
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Sociologists found that the effects of institutionalization on infants, i.e. lack of a caring environment, will result in slower development of their mental, physical, and emotional skills. t/f
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true
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Aptitudes can be discouraged with
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negative reinforcement
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Cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society. t/f
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true
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Personality and social behavior can be determined by
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heredity, instinct, and nature
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____ is the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
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personality
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Principal factors that social scientist see influencing personality and behavior are
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heredity, birth order, parents, and the cultural environment
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Idea that each individual is born without a personality
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Tabula Rasa
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The looking-glass self refers to the non-active process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others. t/f
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true
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The part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.
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me
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Lack of interaction with social and cultural environments transforms people into members of society. t/f
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false
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When identifying and comparing points of view while reading sociology, it is important to determine the nature of the source and read each source carefully. t/f
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true
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The interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
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looking-glass self
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Significant others are individuals that are not of any significance to help form our socialization. t/f
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false
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The theory that refers to seeing ourselves as others see us in addition to taking on or pretending to take on the roles of others is known as
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role-taking
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The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity.
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I
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Role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us, thus learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others. t/f
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true
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People that include parents, siblings, relatives, and others who have a direct influence on our socialization.
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significant others
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The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.
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generalized other
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Taking or pretending to take the role of others.
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role-taking
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As we grow older, significant others become more important. t/f
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true
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In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include
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family, peer groups, media, and school
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A peer group is not very influential t/f
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false
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The family is the principal social agent for
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children
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Ethics are deliberately learned from the family t/f
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true
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Which of the following is an agent of socialization
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grandparent, school, and TV
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____ involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms
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Resocialization
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All of the following are examples of a total institution except
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emergency room
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One purpose of fairy tales is to help children master the problems associated with growing up t/f
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true
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Resocialization is directed toward changing an individual's personality and social behavior. t/f
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true
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A peer group is a _______ group composed of equal age individuals with similar characteristics
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primary
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Schools play a major role in socialization with an unintended influence. t/f
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false
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Fairy tales help introduce children to conflict resolution. t/f
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true
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Total institutions are primarily concerned with resocializing their members to help them learn new values and norms. t/f
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true
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Schools provide _______ socialization through teacher modeling of behavior.
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unintentional
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Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction t/f
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true
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Anticipatory socialization is the learning of the _____ of a role in order to prepare for that role.
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expectations, obligations, and rights
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There are generally eight characteristics that apply to all adolescents. t/f
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false
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Puberty is one aspect of adolescence that is found in every society. t/f
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true
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What factors lead to the development of adolescence as a distinct life stage?
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education, child labor, and juvenile
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Puberty is generally considered to run from the ages of 12 to 19. t/f
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true
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is universal
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adolescence
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Prior to the 1860s
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children were treated as small adults
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The period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood
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adolescence
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During puberty, an adolescent will
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undergo growth spurts in height and weight. develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics
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All of the following helped establish adolescence as a distinct life stage in the United States except:
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An increase in the number of puberty rites performed
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Anticipatory socialization involves learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that particular role in the future. t/f
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true
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Making education a requirement and creating work laws for adolescence has ___ the period of dependency on parents.
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extended
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Playing house as a child is a form of
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anticipatory socialization
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The amount of workers in the field of _________ droppped from 85% in 1900 to 27% in 2000, according to the U.S. Labor Force.
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Farming and Manufacturing
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What type of work was done by a majority of the labor force in the 1900s?
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farming
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varies according to income and age
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Job satisfaction
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Control over job responsibilities has a positive correlation to job satisfaction t/f
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true
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A profession is a high-status occupation that does not require specialized skills obtained through formal education. t/f
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false
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Unemployment rate varies according to such factors as
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cultural background, age, gender, and race
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Changes in the American labor force since 1970 reveal all of the following EXCEPT
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over one half of the labor force has a college degree.
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Minorities in the workforce
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have increased in recent years.
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Which of the following has not been a major change in the workforce within the last century?
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greater emphasis on farming and manufacturing jobs
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Which group holds slightly more than half of the professional jobs in the United States?
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women
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One of the most noted changes in the workforce between 2000 and 2010 is the increase in women pursuing professional careers such as those in the medical and legal fields. t/f
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true
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In today's labor force, workers are waiting longer to retire. t/f
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true
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It is suggested that deviance has the following uses in social life:
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clarify norms, unifies a group, diffuses tension, and promotes social change
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competition leads to deviance. social inequality leads to deviance.
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Conflict theorist
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The suspension of moral beliefs to commit deviant acts is a
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technique of neutralization
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Social scientists who study criminal behavior.
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criminologist
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The functionalist perspective views deviance as an unnatural part of society. t/f
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false
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The results of an individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true are referred to as secondary deviance. t/f
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true
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Behavior that violates significant social norms is called
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deviant
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a mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
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stigma
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People who use innovation do not accept the cultural goals of their society but do accept the approved means for achieving these goals. t/f
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false
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The interactionist perspective focuses on
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control, labeling, and cultural transmission theory
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To be labeled deviant, one must
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be detected committing a deviant act. be stigmatized by society.
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Providing law enforcement jobs is a positive function of deviance. t/f
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true
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The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable is referred to as
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anomie
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Socialization does not determine a person's level of self-control. t/f
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false
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Of the five modes of adaptation, ____ is not a deviant response.
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conformity
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The stronger the commitment to a community, the less likely people are to engage in deviant behavior. t/f
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true
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____ explains deviance as a learned behavior.
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cultural transmission theory
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an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
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positive sanction
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used to discourage undesired behavior
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negative sanction
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a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency such as school, business, or government.
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formal sanction
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a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.
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informal sanction
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the nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of primary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
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internalization
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enforcing norms through either internal or external means.
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social control
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rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
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sanctions
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Racial profiling is most likely to happen to white Americans. t/f
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false
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The rate of recidivism is an indication of whether or not corrections is working. t/f
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true
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Police discretion is used when deciding who will be arrested. t/f
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true
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White collar crime is described as offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives. t/f
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true
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Which of the following is a victimless crime?
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illegal drug use
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Which of the following is a crime against property?
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burglary
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The attitude of the person making a complaint never influences the filing of that complaint. t/f
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false
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Vagrancy is a crime against property. t/f
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false
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Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government is called a crime. t/f
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true
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Plea bargaining allows courts to reduce their already huge caseloads. t/f
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true
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Which of the following statements involving information concerning criminal statistics is not correct?
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Crime reports are less likely to be filed when victims are of a higher social class.
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any act that is labeled as such by those in authority. prohibited by law. punishable by the government.
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crime
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All of the following are considered violent crimes EXCEPT
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fraud
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A _______ investigates causes of crime and methods of crime prevention.
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criminologist
