Sociology MIdterm Martinez – Flashcards
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embedded in society
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Sociologists believe that persistent problems in the U.S. are
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empirical
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Sociology is a/n _____ discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observations.
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norms
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The specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation are called
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the ordinary customs of different group cultures.
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Folkways
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The strictest norms in any society are called _____.
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taboos
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Shared ideas that help bind people in society together are called
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beliefs
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the culture of the most powerful group.
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dominant culture
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countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not.
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The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that
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theorists are most likely to emphasize that cultural norms and beliefs integrate people into groups and create social bonds.
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Functionalist
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conflict theory sees society as organized around the unequal distribution of resources and held together through power and coercion.
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Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society?
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participant observation
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A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of:
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inductive reasoning
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Reasoning that begins with specific observations about which one draws conclusions is called _____.
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A replication study can indicate what changes have occurred since the original study was conducted
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How is doing a replication study useful?
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dependent variable
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In a study of the impact of parental prejudice on the attitudes of their child, the attitudes of the child are the _____.
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abstract ideas that are potentially measureable
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Concepts
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subjects of research altering their behavior if they know they are being studied
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Hawthorne effect
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what type of sociological question is being investigated
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When choosing a research method, the most important thing for sociologists to consider is
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the experimental group; the control group
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In a controlled experiment, the group that is exposed to the variable being studied is called _____, the group not being exposed is called _____.
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participant observation
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William Foote Whyte's "Street Corner Society" is an example of which kind of research?
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secondary sources
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When used as data for sociological analysis, national opinion polls, and census data are all considered _____.
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research design
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The ______ is the overall logic of the research project, included what observational method will be used.
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are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society.
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Roles
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The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location.
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Which of the following is true regarding socialization?
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nature-nurture
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Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the ______ debate.
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constructed
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Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially
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social control
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Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called
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Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the unconscious mind; social learning theory stresses response to external stimuli.
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How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other?
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is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual's identity.
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Conflict Theory
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reflection and interpretation
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From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the key to the development of self is _____.
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an aggregate of people born during the same time period
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An age cohort refers to
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how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S.
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Which of these would interest a sociologist who prefers macroanalysis of social interaction?
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Social organization
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Sociologists use the term ______ to describe the order established in social groups at any level.
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assure the stability and continuance of society.
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Functionalist theorists contend that social institutions
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social structures
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Society is a network of
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individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles.
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In a society where mechanical solidarity exists
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A small community's tomato festival
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Which of the following reflects a gemeinschaft society
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the complexity of their social structure and level of technology
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Sociologists distinguish six different types of societies based on
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the production of information services
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Postindustrial societies are characterized by
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conflict
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When the roles in one's role set clash with one another, the result is role _____.
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strain
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A condition wherein a single role brings conflicting expectations is called role _____.
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dramaturgy
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Erving Goffman's analysis of interaction views the participants as actors on a stage. This perspective is called the _____ model of social interaction.
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a rational balancing act involving perceived costs and benefits of a given behavior.
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Social exchange theory analyzes social interaction as:
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false
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Sociologists who study patterns of social interaction use macroanalysis.
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true
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Social institutions cannot be observed directly, but their impact and structure may be seen.
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Having a definition enables sociologists to understand the behavior of people in society and how to predict people's behavior in groups.
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Why is it important for sociologists to have a shared definition of groups?
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in groups; out groups
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_____ promote a sense of "us;" ____ promote a sense of "them."
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instrumental needs
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When a student joins an organization it will provide which of the following?
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Without being told to do so, students playing the role of guards behaved sadistically toward the students in the role of prisoners.
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What was the outcome of the classic prison simulation done by Zimbardo and his associates?
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a combination of risky shift and organizational ritualism.
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Despite being warned of danger, NASA scientists proceeded with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger that exploded during launch. Sociological analysis of this situation finds it was caused by
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psychological separation of a person from an organization
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Alienation refers to the
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felt that despite the individualism of Americans, they had little independence of mind.
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Alexis de toqueville
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the founding father of sociology. He believed that society could be studied scientifically. This approach is known as positivism.
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Agustus Comte
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wrote about how to observe behavior as a participant.
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Harriet Martineu
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focused on the forces that hold society together in moral cohesion.
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Emile Durkheim
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saw social class as a fundamental dimension of society that shapes social behavior.
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Karl Marx
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was concerned with ideas and how they shaped society.
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Max Weber
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developed housing projects for immigrants, slum dwellers, and other dispossessed groups.
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Jane Addams
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crusaded against lynching and for women's rights.
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Ida B wells
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emphasizes the stability and integration in to explain society through cultural, political, and economic factors.
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Functionalism
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emphasizes the role of individuals in giving meaning to social behavior, thereby creating society.
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Symbolic Interaction theory
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is the analysis of women and men in society and is intended to improve women's lives.
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Feminist Theory
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Elements of mass media have enormous influence on groups' beliefs and values.
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What is the sociological significance of the mass media in culture?
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Change in societal conditions, cultural diffusion, innovation, and the imposition of change by dominant groups cause cultures
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How do cultures change?
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Sociological research is derived from the scientific method. The research process involves several steps.
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is sociological research scientific?
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Sociological research strives for objectivity while recognizing that the values of the researcher may have some influence on the work.
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can sociology be value free?
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the formation of identity is learned response to external social stimuli.
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social learning theory
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They include the family, the media, peers, sports, religious institutions, and schools.
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agents of socialization
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family education work and the economy political institution (or state) religion health care mass media organized sports military
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social institutions
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members play similar roles within the society, share the same values, and hold the same things sacred.
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mechanical solidarity
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people have many different roles and roles are highly differentiated.
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organic solidarity
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communities have "we" feeling, strong family relationships, and simple social institutions.
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Gemeinschaft
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societies with fewer personal ties. These societies have an elaborated division of labor.
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Gesellschaft
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are all the roles occupied by the person at a given time.
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Role sets
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When two or more roles impose conflicting expectations.
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Role Conflict
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is conflicting expectations within a single role.
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Role Strain
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Division of labor and specialization Hierarchy of authority Rules and regulations Impersonal relationships Career ladder (technical expertise) Efficiency
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beauarcracies
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when normal social regulations break down, or when normal everyday life is disrupted and people live in a state of formlessness. Anomic suicide is suicide committed by people when the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone.
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anomie
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is when there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces.
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Altruistic suicide
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occurs when people feel totally detached from society.
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Egoistic
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neither the goal nor the means are available to select.
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Retreatism
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the goal is unrealistic and the means are available
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Ritualism
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new goals and new means substitute traditional ones.
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Rebellion
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