Sociology Chapters 5&6 – Flashcards

In hunting and gathering societies, men routinely contributed the most food to the group.

The domestication revolution was the immediate stimulus for the advent of the agricultural society.

The advent of the biotech society can be traced to the invention of the microchip in 1953.

The dawn of civilization is most associated with the advent of the agricultural society.

Inequality did not become a fundamental feature of life in society until the industrial revolution.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery.

The sociological significance of the various social revolutions is that the type of society in which we live determines the kind of people we become.

Although larger than primary groups, secondary groups are as informal, personal, and intimate as primary groups.

Primary groups are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual.

As the size of a group decreases, the likelihood for diffusion of responsibility also decreases.

Because in-groups are an essential part of society, they have virtually no negative consequences.

Reference groups are reserved for members of professional networks and are utilized almost exclusively by people with career aspirations.

Social networking, by definition, breaks down social inequality and leads to a more egalitarian society, regardless of the culture or the nature of the network.

Leaders tend to be more talkative and express greater determination and self-confidence.

An expressive leader is a task-oriented leader who keeps a group moving towards its goals.

In Professor Jones' social problems course, the students interact freely with one another, think of themselves as "Dr. J's class," and feel they are significant because of their mutual interest in social reform. Which concept best describes Dr. Jones' class?

What term best applies to people who share a culture and a territory?

The first social revolution, namely the domestication of animals and plants, occurred during which stage in the evolution of societies?

Which type of society was the first to develop permanent settlements?

With the domestication of plants and animals, a number of significant social changes occurred. All of the following represent one of these changes, EXCEPT for which one?

The "dawn of civilization" is most associated with which social revolution?

Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?

The ________ is to the postindustrial society as the ________ is to the emerging biotech society.

Which was the first nation to have an excess of 50 percent of its workforce in service industries?

Some social analysts believe that postindustrial society will be followed by a biotech society. Such a society would be characterized by ________.

Sociologically, what term best applies to a group of people who share no common destination taking an elevator from the first floor of a large high rise?

A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.

Jane, Mark, Courtney, and Kelly are enrolled in the 8:00 a.m. sociology course at their college. After studying together for the first test, they started sitting together in class and chose to work together on group projects. During spring break, they decided to go on a trip as a group. These four students would be considered members of a(n) ________.

________ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.

The concept of "groupthink" was developed by ________.

How would an organization minimize the occurrence of groupthink?

In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.

What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?

Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six stooges and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?

Different situations require that different styles of leadership be used to meet the primary goals of the group. Imagine a tour group that is lost in the desert. Which type of leadership would be best for the tour guide to adopt?

Groups in which members take personal responsibility and work at a steady pace, even without supervision, are most likely headed by which classification of leader?

Which group is most notable for its lack of achievement and effectiveness in decision making?

A(n) ________ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile towards their leader.

A leader of a group whose responsibility would be to keep the group moving towards its goal is classified as a(n) ________ leader.

In which group would there be the greatest number of relationships?

According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most unstable?

Stigma, characteristics that discredit people, includes violations of norms of ability and violations of norms of appearance.

Sociologically, an act cannot be classified as deviance if it does not cause physical or emotional harm to another individual

The theory of differential association suggests that people who associate with certain groups receive an "excess of definitions" about either deviance or conformity.

Control theory relies on attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief to explain the social bonds people develop to their respective groups and society.

Stripping an individual of his or her identity as a group member is an example of using a degradation ceremony to brand someone as an outsider.

By employing techniques of neutralization, even the most dedicated deviants can view themselves as conformists.

Functionalists believe deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos.

Crime "in the suites" (white collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than "crime in the streets."

A person in the upper-class is less likely to be punished by the criminal justice system than someone in the lower-class.

Although African Americans are disproportionately represented in the state prison population, the majority of prisoners are white.

The chances of receiving the death penalty are greatly affected by geography (where the murder took place), social class, and gender.

Official crime statistics gathered by the police and FBI can be relied upon for their objectivity and accuracy for measuring crime in their respective jurisdictions.

Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants.

Violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ________.

Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.

What is a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

Why did the "XYY" chromosome theory fall out of favor as an explanation for criminal behavior?

Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________.

Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline?

Differential association theory was developed by sociologist ________.

Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?

Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory?

The sociologist responsible for developing one of the first control theories that addressed the inner controls of the individual and outer controls of society was ________.

According to control theory, when are inner controls most effective in deterring deviant behavior?

Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to which they once belonged are called ________.

The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist ________.

In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?

Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?

A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called ________.