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deviance

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the recognized violation of cultural norms

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primary deviance

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engaging in small, inconsequential actions

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secondary deviance

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taking deviance in as part of ones personal identity

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biological theories and deviance

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focuses on individual abnormality and explains human behavior as the result of biological instincts

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psychological theories and deviance

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focuses on individuals abnormality and sees deviance as a result of "unsuccessful ul socialization"

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sociological theories and deviance

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views all behavior- deviance as well as conformity- as products of society

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social control

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attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors

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criminal justice system

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the organizations (police, courts, and prison officials) that respond to alleged violations of the law

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Structural-functional theory and deviance

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deviance is a normal part of society and has essential functions

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Durkheim's 4 functions of deviance

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1. affirms cultural values and norms 2. clarifies moral boundaries 3. brings people together 4. encourages social change

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strain theory

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deviance is the response to societies cultural goals and is a means to achieve them (the extent of deviance depends on the opportunity)

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Merton's 5 identities in Strain Theory

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1. Conformity- accept goals, accept means 2. Innovation- accept goals, reject mean 3. Ritualism- reject goal, accept means 4. Retreatism- reject goals, reject means 5. Rebellion -new goals, new means

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labeling theory

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deviance is less about what someone does and more about how others react to the behavior

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retrospective labelling

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reinterpretation of a person's past in light of present events

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projective labelling

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using deviant identity to predict a person's future actions

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stigma

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powerful, negative labeling which greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity

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medicalization of deviance

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the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

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Sutherland's differential association theory

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links deviance to how much people encourage or discourage such behavior

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control theory

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imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior

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Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance

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reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accesible illegitimate opportunity

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2 types of deviant subcultures as defined by Cloward and Ohlin

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1. conflict subculture- gangs, those who engage in violence 2. retreatist subcultures- deviant and may drop out of society (ex: drug users)

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crime

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the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal laws

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white-collar crime

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crime committed by people in high social positions in the course of their occupation

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corporate crime

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the illegal actions of a corporation or people action in its behalf

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organized crime

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a business supplying illegal good or services

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hate crime

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a criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

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crime against a person

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crime that directs violence towards and individual

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crime against property

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crime that involves theft of property

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victimless crime

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violations of law in which there is no obvious victims

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police

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first point of contact between people and the criminal justice system

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4 reasons for punishment

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1. retribution 2. deterrence 3. rehabilitation 4. societal protection

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retribution

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act of moral vengence by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering cause by the crime

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deterrence

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the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

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rehabilitation

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reforming the offender to prevent later offenses

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societal protection

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rendering the offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment or execution

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"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________ Answers: is always more serious. is usually less serious. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. involves a larger share of the population.

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refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.

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According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________ Answers: negating cultural values and norms. the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity. the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries. the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures.

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the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity.

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A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called ________ Answers: parole. shock probation. rehabilitation. extended lockup.

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shock probation.

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According to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong? Answers: Innovator Ritualist Retreatist Rebel

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Ritualist

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Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime ________ Answers: reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity. is more common among the rich who have more opportunity. is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor. is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction.

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reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity.

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Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect ________ Answers: all crimes that take place. offenses cleared by arrest. offenses resulting in a criminal conviction. offenses known to the police.

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offenses known to the police

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Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________ Answers: women account for most of the arrests for serious crimes in the United States. every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males. most researchers in this area are women. women are more likely than men to commit a serious crime.

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every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

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In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? Answers: The act and criminal intent A criminal and a victim The act and the social harm The law and the violation

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the act and criminal intent

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Of all the property crimes discussed in the chapter, one crime occurs far more than all the others. Which one is it? Answers: Motor-vehicle theft Larceny-theft Robbery Forcible rape

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Larceny-theft

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One of the social foundations of deviance is that ________ Answers: deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. there are many acts that are always deviant everywhere. people are born deviant. differences in social power have little to do with what norms are and how people apply them.

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deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms

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Reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offenders, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of ________ Answers: societal protection. criminal recidivism. the death penalty. community-based corrections.

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community -based corrections

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The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________ Answers: interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance. defining someone as deviant for things done long before. criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant. predicting someone's future based on past deviant acts.

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interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.

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The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________ Answers: males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes. Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime. biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes. genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality.

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biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.

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The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________ Answers: during the late teenage years. in the late twenties. during the middle thirties. over age forty.

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during the late teenage years.

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Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include ________ Answers: people who try to take the property of others. people who work hard but are poor. perpetrators of white-collar crime. people who have social power.

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people who try to take the property of others.

sociology ch.7 – deviance – Flashcards

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