sociology 2 part 3 – Flashcards

76. Which two theories explaining deviance are classified as interactionist? a. strain theory and differentional association b. labeling theory and delinquent subcultures c. labeling theory and conformity theory d. differential association and labeling theory e. strain theory and delinquent subcultures

77. Labeling theorists interpret deviance as: a. a tool for the preservation of power in the ruling class b. a process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants c. something that anyone would do given the opportunity d. a genetic component of personality and socialization e. a macrosociological phenomenon determining social construction

78. According to ________ theorists, the criminal justice system has become increasingly oppressive toward working-class offenders and in tax legislation that disproportionately favors the wealthy. a. labeling b. functionalists c. conflict d. interactionists

79. When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society, they refer to that structure as: a. social inequity b. social disapproval c. social stratification d. strategic sociality e. socialism

80. Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification? a. If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his or her category, he or she is no longer classified at that level. b. A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her position. c. Ranks tend to fluctuate rapidly and significantly over time. d. Wealthy people are always ranked higher than poorer ones. e. Upward mobility is a norm that is valued in all societies.

81. A stratification system in which certain people are owned as property and more or less deprived of all rights by law is known as: a. slavery b. caste c. estates d. socialism e. capitalism

82. Which of the following stratification systems incorporates marital endogamy as one of its tenets? a. slavery b. caste c. class d. communist e. capitalist

83. In which country was caste based on broad occupational groupings? a. India b. United States c. South Africa d. Russia e. Saudi Arabia

84. Which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background? a. life chances b. life course c. caste d. reincarnation e. relations of production

85. According to the Kuznets curve, inequality in capitalist societies: a. decreases at first, stabilizes, then decreases again b. increases at first, declines, then stabilizes at a relatively low level c. decreases at first, increases rapidly, then stabilizes at a relatively high level d. increases at first, stabilizes at a high level, then declines gradually e. starts out stable for a long time, then gradually increases to a high level

86. The money a person gets from a wage or salary or from investments is ________; the assets an individual owns are ________. a. wealth; property b. income; wealth c. wealth; income d. income; income e. property; property

87. What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? a. education b. parents' social class c. discrimination d. all of the above e. none of the above

88. Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income, and wealth in later life? a. educational attainment b. religious background of parents c. the performance of the stock market d. access to technology, like the Internet e. all of the above

89. People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the: a. lower middle class b. upper middle class c. old middle class d. new middle class e. working class

90. Social mobility refers to: a. the migration of people to town from the countryside b. the migration of people from the countryside to town c. the movement of individuals and groups between class positions d. the ability of people in a society to engage in protest movements e. the transportation system of a society

91. How far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in her lifetime is called: a. intragenerational mobility b. intergenerational mobility c. life course d. life history e. structural mobility

92. In their classic study of social mobility in the United States, Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan found that: a. the rags-to-riches story was quite common b. vertical mobility was common, but usually between occupational positions quite close to one another c. surprisingly, educational attainment was not a factor in vertical mobility d. there has been little upward mobility e. all of the above

93. The condition in which people do not have adequate resources to maintain their health is called: a. relative poverty b. absolute poverty c. downward mobility d. exchange mobility e. the poverty line

94. The fastest-growing group among the homeless population in the United States is: a. substance abuser b. the mentally ill c. elderly men d. families with children e. Vietnam veterans

95. How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? a. Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. b. Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down. c. Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. d. all of the above e. None of the above; inequality is not increasing in the United States.

96. Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income? a. While income is influenced by race, education, and age, wealth is independent of these variables. b. Wealthy people almost always inherited their money, thus there is no relationship between wealth and income. c. The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. d. Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. e. Education has a strong connection to income, but a weak relationship to wealth.

97. Mortgage companies that offer subprime mortgages tend to target minority communities because it is more difficult for racial minorities to obtain mortgages. This is due to: a. bad credit b. discrimination c. unwillingness for minorities to move to "white" suburbs d. structural social positioning e. geographic location

98. Consumerism and consumption have blurred class differences to some extent in our society. Television and widespread mall stores reinforce the idea that there are no intense class boundaries. Consumerism and consumption, however, do NOT alleviate: a. the strain of credit card debt that most Americans have b. the need to spend all the time c. a "mass society" is the twenty-first-century reality d. the reality of economic inequalities that continue to grow in our society e. the pressure on low-income families to spend beyond their means

99. The estimated net worth of Microsoft's Bill Gates in 2007 was: a. $6 billion, on par with the number of people in the world b. $8 million, as he gave much of his money away. about 80 percent of the GDP of India c. $56 billion, and he was the wealthiest individual in the world for thirteen years running d. nearly $100 billion, making him one of the five richest people in the world

100. Statistics illustrate child poverty is much more severe when children: a. live in households headed by single fathers b. live in households headed by single mothers c. reside in rural areas d. reside in urban areas e. they live in households having three or more children