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the process by which we learn what is expected of us and how to behave accordingly (how we internalize culture and society); ONGOING! socialization turns into social control via self control (we tend to conform to norms because they become so much a part of us, therefore social control is everyone in society having self control)

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socialization

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the unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguish one person from another

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self/ identity

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3 Stages of Self (Mead) and the Looking Glass Self (Cooley)

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Theories of Socialization

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Preplay/ Imitation, Play Stage, Game State

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3 States of the Self (Mead)

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first time that babies realize that they're their own being and objects exist separately from themselves, around 18 months. (also can recognize themselves in a mirror, learn name, realize that certain behaviors illicit certain reactions)

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Preplay/ Imitation Stage

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able to imitate some actions and characteristics that others play, so role-taking behavior begins, usually around 3 years.

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Play Stage

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the ability to imagine the perspective of another and behave accordingly

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Role-taking

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when a child can imitate all the roles that others play and how those roles relate to one another, so they grasp the role of the generalized other, usually around elementary school

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Game Stage

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the abstract perspective of society

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generalized other

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How we feel about the self we've created, in three steps: 1. Imagine how you appear to others, 2. Imagine their evaluation of that appearance, 3. Develop some sort of self-feeling about that evaluation

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The Looking Glass Self

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those individuals, groups, or institutions that pass on social expectations

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Agents of Socialization

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Institutional (religion, media, family, education) and demographic (age, class, race, sexuality, etc)

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Types of agents of socialization

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the process by which we acquire the values and orientations of statuses that we will likely enter in the future (ex: AP courses to prepare to be college students). ; Melvin Conn studied how middle vs. working class parents' values shaped their children's anticipatory socialization and future

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Anticipatory Socialization

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learning a new set of behavioral expectations (happens any time there's a new transition, like from high school to college)

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Resocialization

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certain behavior is taught to us because of our gender; sex=ascribed status, gender= achieved status; more acceptable for women to do masculine things than for men to do feminine things.

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gender socialization

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the informal/subtle messages in school about social roles, values, and norms that are often tied to race, class, and gender

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hidden curriculum

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experiment in which researchers randomly labeled students as "spurters" and "non-spurters", and told the teachers who was what. by the end of the year, spurters were more advanced. self-fulfilling prophecy!

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"Pygmaeleon in the Classroom"

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Analyzing social interaction as a series of theatrical drama performances (part of symbolic interactionism)

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Dramaturgy

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an attempt to present a successful image of one's self or one's group so that others will make a positive judgement of us (we behave the way we want others to see us)

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Impression Management

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to permit social interaction and get a favorable response for the social situation

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Goal of impression management

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the process by which we define others based on observable characteristics and initial interactions

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Impression Formation

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group membership stereotypes (sex, race, etc), individual attributes (clothing, etc), verbal and nonverbal cues

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Initial impressions formed by

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Giving and Giving off

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Types of Cues

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intentionally giving info

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Giving Cues

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unintentionally giving info or intentionally giving false info

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Giving- Off Cues

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a metaphor for how we act

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The Stage

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part of social interactions where actors maintain the appropriate appearances because they are under the impression of the audience

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Front Stage

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region where people can knowingly violate their impression management performance because they're out of view of their audience

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Back Stage

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exists between front and back stage. essential to maintain boundaries to maintain credibility of your identity

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Boundary

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Socialization (internalize a culture)--- Impression Management (use culture for how we want to act)--- Successful Performance (OR Spoiled/Stigmatized--- Aligning Action)---- Creates Culture----Socialization

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Dramaturgical Cycle

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successful, spoiled, and stigmatized

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Performance Types

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back stage is shown to the front stage; audience will try to overlook it with aligning actions/face-saving to restor order

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Spoiled Performance

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apologizing, give an account (explain away the violation), disclaimer (statement before violation), cooling out (persuading an individual to take a lesser role while maintaining their self worth)

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Types of Aligning Actions

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deeply discrediting characteristic that trumps all other performances; socially constructed based on what we think is a stigma

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Stigma

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*Try to conceal (avoidance, adapt, selective disclosure), IF CAN'T BE CONCEALED: use of humor, use of other symbols (overshadow stigma with other quality), embracing (deliberately draw attention to it to try and redefine it culturally

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Ways to Cope with Stigma

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behavior that doesn't conform to society's norms or expectations

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Deviance

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the action is deviant in itself/ inherently wrong, so anyone who commits a deviant act is a deviant, bad person (Bandura: we learn by observing so deviant people are created when their socialization process fails). Problem: not all deviants are genetically/physically distinct, so when locating the root of the act in the individual, we can't find the cause.

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Absolutist Perspective of Deviance

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deviance is socially constructed depending on society's values, beliefs, and norms; Evidence: we have variations within our own culture and across cultures, and what's considered deviant changes over time

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Relativist Perspective of Deviance

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deviance serves the purpose of reaffirming norms

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Functionalist Theory of Deviance

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Learned deviance (Sutherland) and Structural Strain (Merton)

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Functionalist Theories of Deviance

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deviance is just conformity to a subculture instead of the large culture

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Learned Deviance Theory (Sutherland)

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deviance arises because of culturally acceptable goals and the acceptable means for achieving them.

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Structural Strain Theory (Merton)

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has culturally accepted goals and means

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Conformist

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culturally accepted goals, but not means

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Innovator

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culturally accepted means, but not goals

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Ritualist

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neither culturally accepted goals nor means

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Retreatist

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part of a counterculture that challenges society

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Rebel

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deviance is associated with the lower class because norms and laws reflect interest of ruling class, wealthy have resources to defend themselves when accused of deviance, criminalization and medicalization

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Conflict Perspective of Deviance

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defining certain types of deviance as a crime or a condition. By doing so, those in charge of law or medicine can define what's see as normal or healthy.

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criminalization and medicalization

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Thomas Theory: If a situation is real, it's real for its consequences." how you define a situation determines how you react to it.

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Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Deviance

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Deviance develops in a 3-stage process (primary, secondary, and tertiary). Once a person is labeled, it often becomes a stigma (positive or negative) where it is difficult for them to be seen in any other way.

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Labeling Theory

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an act/ perception of an act that initially draws the label as deviant (ex:calling someone a slut)

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Primary Deviance

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behavioral response that occurs as a result of an assigned label. Repeatedly try to violate a norm just to see what will happen, but the deviance isn't part of the self yet.

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Secondary Deviance

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flaunt and embrace the label as part of one's identity (self-fulfilling prophecy.

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Tertiary Deviance

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a social group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who usually live together

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Family (US census definition)

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people we adopt as our own family even though there's no relation

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fictive kin

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regulates reproduction, socializes/educates children, emotional support, financial/material security, religion/values, defines culturaly accepted love. Family is a social institution found in all societies that oversees bearing and raising of children by uniting people into groups.

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Functions of family

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a legally sanctioned enduring relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, as well as sexual activity and child-bearing

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Marriage

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Traditional nuclear family, blended (step) nuclear family, single parent families, extended families

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4 Types of Modern Families

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1. property/ inheritance keeps power in the same family 2. Patriarchy makes men regulate female sexuality so that they know who their children are and can pass wealth onto them 3. race/ethnicity: people tend to marry within their own race and continue existing racial hierarchu

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Ways that Family perpetuates Social inequality

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individuals should form relationships with someone outside certain social groups to which they belong (inappropriate to date someone in your family or from work)

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Exogamy

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individuals tend to form relationships with someone in certain social groups to which they belong (social class, religion, ethnicity)

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Endogamy

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Complimentary Needs Theory, Emotional Reciprocity, Interdependence, Triangular

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Theories of Romantic Love

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opposites attract; usually people are of the same social class but have different personalities

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Complimentary Needs Theory

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both people are equally invested in the relationship. rooted in exchange theory (you have to put in as much as you get out of it)

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Emotional Reciprocity Theory

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in a relationship, we combine love with a personal development (you make me a better person)

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Interdependence Theory

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all relationships must have intimacy, commitment, and passion, but levels differ based on the stage of the relationship

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Triangular Theory

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historically there has always been romantic love, but only very recently has become foundation/ reason of marriage, so now when love fails, there is no reason to stay (marriage doesn't have functions anymore)

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Coontz's study into the increase in divorce

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