Sociology 101 Chapter 1
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the scientific study of society and human behaviors -study of human society
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sociology
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people who share a culture and a territory -a large groups of people who live in the same area and participate in a common economy or culture
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society
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a system of beliefs and knowledge shared by members of a group or society that influences behaviors and attitudes
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culture
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understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
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sociological perspective
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what matters in the sociological perspective
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context & society
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the group membership that people have because of their location in history and society -the corners in life that people occupy because of their place in society
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social location
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__________, your experiences, becomes part of your thinking and motivation
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external influences
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examples of social location
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job, income, gender, education, race, age, sexuality
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sociological imagination was developed by who
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C. W. Mills
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ability to grasp the connections between history and biography
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sociological imagination
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Personal troubles versus public issues
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C. Wright Mills
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trouble that have to do with an individuals character and with those limited areas of social life he/she is directly and personally aware
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personal troubles
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issues that have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the limited range of his/her life
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public issues
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the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between _______ & _______
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history & biography
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by _______ Mills meant that each society is located in a broad street of events
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history
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by ______ Mills referred to your experiences within a specific historical setting, which gives you your orientations to life
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biography
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3 main events set that stage for challenging tradition and the emergence of sociology:
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-industrial revolution -american and french revolution -imperialism
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Auguste Comte
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positivism
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Charles Darwin
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survival of the fittest
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karl Marx
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class conflicts
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Emile Durkheim
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social integration
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Max Weber
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religion is central to social change
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Herbert Spencer
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social darwinism
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translated Comte's ideas into english, became an advocate for the abolition of slavery, wrote extensive analyses of social life
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Harriet Martineau
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spent his lifetime studying relations between African american and whites, one of the founders of NAACP, embraced revolutions marxism
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WED Du Bois
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member of american sociological society, co-founded Hull-House, co-founded american civil liberties union, campaigned for 8 hour work day and laws against child labor, wrote books on poverty, democracy, and peace, co-cinner of the nobel prize for peace
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Jane Adams
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developed abstract models of society that influenced a generation of sociologists. his models of how the parts of society work together harmoniously did nothing to stimulate social activism
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Talcott Parsons
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developed theoretical abstractions, he urged sociologists to get back to social reform, he warned that the nation faced threat to freedom in his writing
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C. Wright Mills
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George Herbert Mead
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on of the founders of symbolic interactionism
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Theoretical perspectives in sociology
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-Symbolic interactionism (SI) -Functionalism -Conflict Theory
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central ideas of ___________ is symbols, things to which we attach meaning
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Symbolic Interactionism theorists?
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Mead, Cooley
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___________ analyzes how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and others
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together
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Functionalism
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Smaller parts are examined based on functions/dysfunctions and how it relates to the larger unit.
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Functionalism
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Functionalism theorists?
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comte, spencer, durheim, merton
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society is composed of groups that compete with one another for scarce resources
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conflict theory
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conflict theory theorist?
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karl marx
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applying systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by these methods
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science
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goals of science
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-explanation -generalization -prediction
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explanation uses ______ not _____
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association not cause
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social sciences include
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politics, economy, psychology, anthropology, sociology
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the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environment -biology, geology, chemistry, physics
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natural sciences
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the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by mean of controlled and repeated observations -anthropology, economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology
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social sciences
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understand culture -include cultural and physical
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anthropology
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the study of production and distribution of the material goods and services of a society -include macro (large scale) and micro (small scale) specialties
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economics
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focuses on politics and government -theoretical and applied branches
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political science
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processes that occur within the individual, inside the skin-bound organism -clinical or experimental
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psychology
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focus primarily on industrialized and post industrialized societies -quantitative and qualitative branches -overlaps other social sciences
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sociology
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goals of science
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1. explain why something happens 2. make generalizations, go beyond the individual case and make statements that apply to a broader group or situation 3. predict, specify in the light of current knowledge what will happen in the future
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a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
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generalizations
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the things that "everyone knows" are true
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common sense
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the use of objective systematic observations to test theories
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scientific method
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the application of the scientific approach to the social world
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positivism
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Marx's term for the struggle between capitalist and workers
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class conflict
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Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
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bourgeoisie
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Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do no own the means of production
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proletariat
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Marxim is not the same as?
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communism
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recurring behaviors or events
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patterns of behavior
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the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds -also known as social cohesion
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social integration
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who said that economics is the central force in social change?
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Karl Marx
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_____ has no place in research
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bias
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the view that a sociologists personal values or beliefs should not influence social research
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value free
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the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, superior or inferior, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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values
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values neutrality in research
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objectivity
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the repetition of a study in order to test its findings
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replication
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purpose of social research
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- to understand human behavior -the investigate harmful social arrangements
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uses of social research
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- can be used by anyone for any purpose -should be used to improve society
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a german word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation"
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Verstehen
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the meaning that people give their own behavior
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subjective meanings
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Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior
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social facts
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sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups
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basic ( or pure) sociology
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the use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution
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applied sociology
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applying sociology for the public good ; especially the use o the sociological perspective (how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers
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public sociology
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3 types of sociology
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basic, applied, public
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a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
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theory
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a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, an communicate with one another
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symbolic interactionism
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_____ look at how changing ideas of marriage, divorce, parenthood, and love put pressure on married couples
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symbolic interactionists
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
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functional analysis
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if an action is intended to help some part of a system
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manifest function
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if an action has unintended consequences that help a system
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latent functions
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unintended consequences that hurt a system
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latent dysfunctions
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beneficial consequences of peoples actions
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functions
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fearful consequences of people's actions
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dysfunctions
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
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conflict theory
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an examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how Wall Street and the political establishment are interrelated
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macro-level analysis
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an examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact
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micro-level analysis
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one person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance
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social interaction
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communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
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nonverbal interaction
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first phase of sociology
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primary purpose of sociological research was to improve society
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second phase of sociology
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concern switched to developing abstract knowledge
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third phase of sociology
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sociologists seek ways to apply their research findings
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the growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
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globalization
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capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system
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globalization of capitalism
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Which of the following statements best describes the sociological perspective? A. it examines where a society is located in a broad stream of events B. it stresses common sense when examining societies and moves beyond generalizations C. it emphasizes the social environments in which people live and examines the environment that influence their lives D. it focuses on an individual's biography as it relates to a person's inherited mechanism instincts
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C. it emphasizes the social environments in which people live and examines the environment that influence their lives
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What did C. Wright Mills mean when using the term "history"? A. each society's location in a broad stream of events B. an individual's experiences within a specific setting C. the artifacts that a society leaves behind as it changes D. a record of past events, especially those relating to humans
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A. each society's location in a broad stream of events
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Maurice is a college educated male who works in a band. This statements describes Maurice's A. internal mechanisms B. global context C. external influences D. social location
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D. social location
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what is the definition of society? A. a group of people who share a culture and heritage B. a group of people who practice the same religion C. a group of people who are racially homogeneous D. a group of people who believe in the same form of government
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A. a group of people who share a culture and heritage
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Asha is an American teenager who believes that every teen should have a cell phone. What caused her to develop this attitude? A. gender B. internal mechanisms C. external influences D. instinct
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C. external influences
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______ places more emphasis on artifacts than a sociologist does A. science B. economics C. anthropology D. psychology
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C. anthropology
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what differentiates a sociologist from a psychologists when looking at how people adjust to life? A. sociologists emphasize internal mechanisms B. sociologists stress external influences C. sociologists rely on common sense D. sociologists focus on emotions
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B. sociologists stress external influences
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what is the third goal of science? A. making generalizations that apply to broader groups B. explaining why things happen C. looking for patterns or recurring events D. making predictions of what will happen
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D. making predictions of what will happen
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a sociologist is collecting data to try to figure out why the girls in a certain part of the country drop out of school sooner than in other parts of the country. What does she need to do in order to make generalizations and predict behavior? A. use local superstition to interpret data B. look for patterns when interpreting the data C. rely on common sense when interpreting the data D. place emphasis on individual behavior to interpret the data
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B. look for patterns when interpreting the data
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What is the use of objective, systematic observations to these theories? A. positivism B. sociological perspective C. scientific method D. common sense
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C. scientific method
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what term is used for the idea that as societies evolve only the most fit people adapt and survive to reproduce? A. social darwinism B. class conflict C. capitalism D. positivism
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A. social darwinism
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Who coined the term sociology? A. Weber B. Darwin C. Marx D. Comte
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D. Comte
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During the Russian Revolution the common people rose up against the aristocracy. This is an example of A. social darwinism B. social integration C. Marxist communism D. class conflict
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D. class conflict
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How did Max Weber differ from Karl Marx in his views regarding social change? A. weber believed social integration was caused social change rather than class conflict B. weber believed economics was the driving force behind social change rather than religion C. weber believed class conflict was the driving force of social change rather than religion D. weber believed religion was the force behind social change rather than economics
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D. weber believed religion was the force behind social change rather than economics
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In the context of sociology, the term ______ means studying human behavior with empathy A. Verstehen B. bourgeoisie C. positivism D. biography
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A. Verstehen
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A college student might be quite happy in a room the size of a cell; however a prisoner would be depressed in the same room. What is this an example of? A. social integration B. class conflict C. subjective meaning D. verstehen
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C. subjective meaning
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what did Durkheim call a group's recurring patterns of behavior? A. social facts B. social integration C. subjective meaning D. class conflict
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A. social facts
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What is a benefit of Verstehen? A. it is easy to replicate B. it helps eliminate bias C. it contributes to gaining insight into behavior D. it helps to create generalizations
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C. it contributes to gaining insight into behavior
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Durkheim emphasized ______ while Weber stressed ______ A. social facts; subjective meaning B. social integration; social facts C. subjective meaning; social facts D. social facts; social integration
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A. social facts; subjective meaning
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when did sociology take root in North America? A. 1890s B. 1920s C. 1930s D. 1900s
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A. 1890s
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Rodney works as a sociologists for large corporation where he developed and implements solution designed to improve relations between employees. What type of sociology is he practicing? A. applied B. public C. pure D. basic
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A. applied
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what is the end goal of basic sociology? A. criticize society B. implement solution C. generate reform D. gain knowledge
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D. gain knowledge
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Why were many early female sociologists ignored by the academic sociologists? A. the female sociologists were too emotional about the objects of their research B. the female sociologists were not as well educated as men C. the female sociologists emphasized objective social research D. the female sociologists focused on social reform
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D. the female sociologists focused on social reform
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Jane Addams practiced ______ sociology A. applied B. basic C. theoretical D. marxist
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A. applied
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______ analyze how social life depends on the way we define ourselves and others A. applied sociologists B. social reformers C. symbolic interactionists D. functional analysts
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C. symbolic interactionists
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which of the following statements is a manifest function of China's one-child policy? A. most of the population was born before 1979, resulting in an aging population B. the overall birthrate declined, thus controlling overpopulation C. parents devoted more resources to the one child they were allowed D. fewer female babies were born due to sex selection
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B. the overall birthrate declined, thus controlling overpopulation
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an unintended result that harms a system is a A. latent dysfunction B. manifest dysfunction C. latent function D. manifest function
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A. latent dysfunction
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what is the main concept of functional analysis? A. society is a whole unit with parts that work together B. society no longer functions like a living organism C. society is comprised of groups competing for scarce resources D. society is dependent on symbols and how we define them
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A. society is a whole unit with parts that work together
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how can conflict theory contribute to explaining the high divorce rate in the United States? A. modern women do not view marriage as a lifelong commitment B. when women go to work, family ties are weekend C. women no longer accept men's "natural" superiority D. divorced women are no longer stigmatized by society
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C. women no longer accept men's "natural" superiority
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During the ______ phase of sociology, the focus was on abstract knowledge A. fourth B. third C. first D. second
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D. second
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what is one of the two major trends in sociology? A. research versus reform B. diversity of orientation C. globalization of capitalism D. application of research
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A. research versus reform
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identify an effect of globalization A. people across the world are more interconnected B. reform is becoming more important than research C. sociology is becoming less important on a local level D. our welfare is no longer tied to other nations
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A. people across the world are more interconnected
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how might sociology be influenced by globalization? A. sociologists will apply less macro level analysis B. sociologists will try harder to define universal principles C. sociologists will use more micro level analysis D. sociologists will focus local reform
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B. sociologists will try harder to define universal principles
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what is the reason for dividing sociology into phases? A. help sociologists reach agreement B. foster globalization of sociology C. develop diverse orientations D. identify major social trends
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D. identify major social trends
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what did C. Wright Mills means when he used the word "biography" as applied to sociology? A. a written account of someone's life B. an individual's experiences within a specific historical setting C. artifacts that a person leaves behind D. each society's location in a broad stream of events
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B. an individual's experiences within a specific historical setting
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how does a sociologist differ from an anthropologist? A. sociologists place more emphasis on heritage and kinship B. sociologists primarily focus on the artifacts of past stories C. sociologist focus primarily on industrialized and post-industrialized societies D. sociologist place more emphasis on internal influences
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C. sociologist focus primarily on industrialized and post-industrialized societies
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Kisha is studying how growing up as an African-Americal girl in the suburbs influences a person's behavior.She is looking at ______ to help understand the behavior of this group of people. A. class conflict B. social darwinism C. social location D. internal mechanisms
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C. social location
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what is the second goal of science? A. using common sense B. making generalizations C. looking for patterns D. making predictions
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B. making generalizations
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______ is the degree to which people are tied to their social group A. social integration B. Marxism C. social attachment D. positivism
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A. social integration
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why did those who believed in social darwinism think it was wrong to help the poor? A. it helped the less capable survive B. it went against the protestant work ethic C. it encouraged class conflict D. it was a step toward communism
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A. it helped the less capable survive
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Karl Marx believed _____ was behind social change A. darwinism B. economics C. religion D. communism
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B. economics
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______ has no place in research A. objectivity B. bias C. generalization D. prediction
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B. bias
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which of the following statements is an example of Verstehen? A. Joan has given birth, so she understand the fears of expectant mothers B. Joan has all there of her children at home C. Joan thinks that hospitals are unhealthy and will not give birth in one D. Joan's children were all born on weekdays
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A. Joan has given birth, so she understand the fears of expectant mothers
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Max Weber believed ______ was a major factor in the rise of capitalism and that we should use ______ to understand human behavior A. religion; Verstehen B. Darwinism; science C. Marxism; religion D. economics; values
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A. religion; Verstehen
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More Americans get married in June that in any other month. This is an example of A. protestant ethics B. bourgeoise tradition C. subjecting meaning D. social fact
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D. social fact
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which of the following sociologists is best remembered for battling against racism? A. Karl Marx B. W.E.B. Du Bois C. Max Weber D. Emile Durkheim
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B. W.E.B. Du Bois
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What is the goal of applied sociology? A. contracting theories B. criticizing policies C. implementing solutions D. promoting research
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C. implementing solutions
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The difference between a manifest function and a latent function is a manifest function has an _____ beneficial consequences and a latent function has an ______ consequence A. intended; unintended beneficial B. intended; unintended destructive C. unintended; intended beneficial D. unintended; intended harmful
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A. intended; unintended beneficial
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Improving society was the most important facet of sociological research in the ______ phase of sociology A. third B. second C. first D. fourth
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C. first
