Society: Ch.10 Gender Stratification – Flashcards
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True or False: *Gender* refers simply to whether people are *female* or *male*.
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*False*: Gender refers to the *personal traits* and *social positions* that members of a society *attach to being female or male*.
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True or False: Like race or social class, *gender* is a major dimension of social stratification.
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*True*: Like race or social class, gender is a *major dimension of social stratification*.
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True or False: *Gender* affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounter throughout our lives.
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*True*: *Gender* affects the *opportunities and constraints* each of us encounter throughout our lives.
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True or False: In *athletics*, the *performance gap* between male and female athletes is increasing.
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*False*: In athletics, the *performance gap* between male and female athletes is *closing*, or *decreasing*.
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True or False: Research shows that young males have less mathematical ability, but greater verbal ability than young females.
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*False*: Research shows that *young males* have *greater mathematical ability*, but *less verbal ability* than young females.
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True or False: On average, *males* are both taller and heavier than females.
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*True*: On average, *males* are both *taller and heavier* than females.
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True or False: In the United States, on average, males live longer than females.
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*False*: In the United States, on average, *females live longer* than males
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True or False: Evidence from the *Israeli kibbutzim* suggests that *cultures* have the ability to define what is masculine and feminine in various ways.
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*True*: Evidence from the *Israeli kibbutzim* suggests that *cultures* have the ability to *define what is masculine and feminine* in various ways.
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True or False: *Margaret Mead* argued that *gender* was mostly a matter of biology rather than culture.
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*False*: *Margaret Mead* argued that *gender* was mostly a matter of *culture* rather than biology.
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True or False: In her famous study, *Margaret Mead* investigated gender in three African societies.
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*False*: In her famous study, Margaret Mead investigated *gender* in *three societies in New Guinea*.
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True or False: *George Murdock* found that, in the case of many tasks, what one society considers "masculine" another may consider "feminine."
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*True*: George Murdock found that, in the case of many tasks, what one society considers *"masculine"* another may consider *"feminine"*.
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True or False: *Sexism* is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other.
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*True*: Sexism is the assertion that *one sex is innately superior to the other*.
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True or False: *Patriarchy* provides advantages, but not disadvantages, to males.
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*False*: Patriarchy also provides *disadvantages* to males, as *masculinity* is linked to accidents, suicide, violence, and stress-related diseases.
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True or False: In a global perspective, the region where *women* have the *least social power* in relation to men is North America.
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*False*: In a global perspective, the region where *women* have the *least social power* in relation to men is *West Africa (Mali, Niger, and Chad)*.
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True or False: Since very few societies have existed without patriarchy, we must conclude that it is inevitable.
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*False*: Most sociologists believe that *gender* is *socially constructed* and can *be changed*.
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True or False: Most *sociological research* suggests that *gender* is socially constructed and is therefore subject to change.
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*True*: Most sociological research suggests that *gender* is *socially constructed* and is therefore *subject to change*.
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True or False: *Traditional conceptions* paint masculine and feminine in opposing terms.
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*True*: Traditional conceptions paint *masculine* and *feminine* in opposing terms.
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True or False: While playing in peer groups, *girls* are less likely to play the "win-lose" games favored by boys.
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*True*: While playing in peer groups, girls are *less likely* to play the "win-lose" games favored by boys.
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True or False: Today in the United States, only about 10 percent of *women with young children* work for income.
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*False*: Today in the United States, *60 percent* of women with young children work for income.
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True or False: In the United States, *administrative support* jobs and *service* jobs have a high concentration of women.
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*True*: In the United States, *administrative support* jobs and *service* jobs have a high concentration of *women*.
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True or False: In the United States today, *women working for income* is the rule rather than the exception.
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*True*: In the United States today, women working for income is the *rule* rather than the exception.
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True or False: In the United States today, two-thirds of *physicians* are women.
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*False*: In the United States today, *two-thirds* of physicians are *men*.
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True or False: In the United States, most *police officers*, *engineers*, *judges*, and *college presidents* are men.
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*True*: In the United States, most police officers, engineers, judges, and college presidents are *men*.
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True or False: The *beauty myth* is the idea that beauty is the key to success in a career.
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*False*: The beauty myth is the idea that women should measure *their worth* in terms of *physical appearance* or, more specifically, how physically attractive they are to men.
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True or False: In the teaching profession, the share of teachers who are *women* increases as the *grade level taught* increases.
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*False*: In the teaching profession, the share of teachers who are women *decreases* as the grade level taught *increases*.
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True or False: *Corporate women* still encounter a "glass ceiling" that prevents them from being promoted to high levels in the company.
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*True*: *Corporate women* still encounter a *"glass ceiling"* that prevents them from being promoted to high levels in the company.
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True or False: In 2009, *U.S. women* earned 77 cents for *every one dollar earned by men*.
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*True*: In 2009, *U.S. women earned 77 cents* for every one dollar earned by men.
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True or False: *Employed married women* do less housework than employed married men.
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*False*: Employed married women do *more housework* than employed married men.
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True or False: In the United States, *a majority of bachelor's degrees* are earned by men.
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*False*: In the United States, *a majority of bachelor's degrees* are earned by *women* because they are more likely to complete their program of study.
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True or False: In the United States, *women* gained the *right to vote* in 1820.
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*False*: In the United States, *women* gained the right to vote in *1920*.
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True or False: The first women to serve in the U.S. military did so during World War II.
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*False*: The first women to serve in the U.S. military did so during *colonial times*.
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True or False: In 2011, women were a majority of *people elected to the U.S. Congress*.
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*False*: In 2011, *men* were a *majority* of people elected to the *U.S. Congress*.
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True or False: In general, *western states* have a higher percentage of *legislators who are women* than southern states.
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*True*: In general, western states have a *higher percentage of legislators who are women* than southern states.
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True or False: *Minority women* are more economically disadvantaged than white women.
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*True*: Minority women are *more economically disadvantaged* than white women.
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True or False: One *criticism of pornography* is that it portrays women as weak and undeserving of respect.
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*True*: One criticism of pornography is that it *portrays women* as *weak* and *undeserving of respect*.
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True or False: *Talcott Parsons* described *gender* in terms of power relationships.
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*False*: Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of *complementary roles* that promote the *social integration* of families and society as a whole.
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True or False: A *social-conflict* account of the *history of gender stratification* was developed by Friedrich Engels.
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*True*: A social-conflict account of the history of gender stratification was developed by *Friedrich Engels*.
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True or False: *Liberal feminism* seeks the elimination of gender itself.
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*False*: Liberal feminism seeks the *elimination of gender stratification* throughout society.
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What does the concept of *gender* refer to?
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The concept of gender refers to the *personal traits* and *social positions* that members of a society *attach to being female or male*.
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In addition to a matter of difference in behavior, what is *gender* also a matter of?
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*Gender* is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also a matter of differences in.... - power; - wealth; and - privileges.
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Which statement is correct about the *physical differences* between *men* and *women*?
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Men and women differ physically in *some limited ways*.
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On average, which ability is shown greater in *young men*? Which ability is shown greater in *young women*?
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On average, young men show greater *mathematical* ability than young women. Young women show greater *verbal* ability than young men.
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On average, do women or men *live longer*?
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On average, *women* outlive men by about *five years*.
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What does *comparing the performance of female and male athletes over time* show?
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Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows that *women* have been *closing the gap with men in most athletic performances*.
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What is the point of describing *gender* in the *Israeli kibbutzim*?
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The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that *cultures define gender in different ways*.
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What does *Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea* illustrate?
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Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that *traits that are defined as feminine* in one society *may be masculine* in another.
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What did *George Murdock* find in his global study of *how societies view gender*?
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In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found.... - some agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks; - men and women were equally likely to be engaged in farming; and - many tasks were considered masculine by some societies and feminine by others.
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Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which region do *women* have the *lowest social standing*?
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Women have the lowest social standing in *Africa*.
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Throughout the life course, what does *gender* shape?
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Throughout the life course, gender shapes.... - human *feelings*; - human *thoughts*; and - human *actions*.
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Which concept refers to *attitudes* and *activities* that a society links to *people of each sex*?
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*Gender roles* refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
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Drawing on *Janet Lever's observations of children at play*, which statement would you conclude to be true?
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Drawing on Janet Lever's observations of children at play, you conclude that *boys* favor games with *clear winners and losers*.
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Approximately what percentage of *U.S. women* are working for *income* today?
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Approximately *60 percent* of U.S. women are working for income today.
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Which factor has helped *increase* the share of *women in the paid labor force* over the course of the *last century*?
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*A high divorce rate* has helped *increase* the share of *women in the paid labor force* over the course of the *last century*.
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A majority of U.S. women in which category enter the labor force?
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A majority of *all* U.S. women *with children* enter the labor force.
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Which statement about *today's U.S. workforce* is *true*?
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In today's U.S. workforce, *women* are concentrated in *several categories of jobs*.
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What does the concept of the *"glass ceiling"* refer to?
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The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to the *barrier* that *prevents women from being promoted*.
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What idea does the *"beauty myth"* refer to?
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The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that *women learn to measure their personal importance* in terms of *physical appearance*.
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In which *job category* are the workers *mostly women*?
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*Elementary school teachers* are mostly women.
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What is an *important exception to male domination* of the *U.S. workplace*?
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The fact that *women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses* is an important exception to male domination* of the *U.S. workplace.
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What does the concept of *"comparable worth"* mean?
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The concept of "comparable worth" means that people should be *paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work*.
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Which factor accounts for the *greatest* share of the *difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States*?
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*The type of work men and women do* accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men.
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For which *category of the U.S. population* is it true that *women do most of the housework*?
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For all *employed* people, *married* people, and people *with children*, it is true that women do most of the housework.
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What percent of *all students on college campuses across the U.S.* do *women* represent today?
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Today, women represent *57 percent* of all students on college campuses across the United States.
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Which statement about *gender and schooling* is *correct*?
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It is correct that.... - boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability; - more boys than girls are placed in special education classes; and - most disciplinary problems in schools involve boys.
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In 2011, approximately *what percentage of our country's richest people* did Forbes magazine report to be *women*?
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In 2011, Forbes magazine reported that approximately *10 percent* of our country's richest people were *women*.
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Women earn *what share of all associate's and bachelor's degrees* in the United States?
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*Women* earn *59 percent* of all associate's and bachelor's degrees in the United States.
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As of 2011, *women* held about *what share* of seats in Congress?
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As of 2011, women held about *17 percent* of seats in Congress.
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In which *nation* does the *political power* of women come *closest* to that of men?
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The political power of women come closest to that of men in *Norway*.
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Since when have women served in the U.S. armed forces?
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Women have served in the U.S. armed forces since *colonial times*.
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What is at the heart of the controversy over *women's participation in the military*?
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The fact that *women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill* is at the heart of the controversy.
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What is a reason to see *women* as a *minority* in the United States?
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A reason is that *at every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do*.
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If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in which of the following settings would reduce this type of violence the *most*?
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If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in *the home* would reduce this type of violence the *most*.
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In *what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses* does the woman know her attacker?
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The woman knows her attacker in *85-90 percent* of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses.
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When did *sexual harassment* become an *issue of national importance* in the United States?
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*Sexual harassment* became an issue of national importance in the United States in the *1990s*.
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Why is *sexual harassment* an important social issue?
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Sexual harassment is an important social issue because *half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention*.
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Where do most cases of *female genital mutilation* occur?
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Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in *Africa*.
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What does *structural-functional* analysis point out about *industrialization*?
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*Structural-functional* analysis points out that industrialization encourages *growing gender equality*.
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In what terms does *Talcott Parsons* describe *gender*?
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Talcott Parsons described *gender* in terms of *complementarity*.
