Society and Media – Flashcards
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What are 8 steps of thinking through a problem?
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1. Purpose-the reason behind the writing 2. Question 3. Assumptions- something that is taken for granted a. assuming everyone gets job right out of college 4. Point of View. 5. Information 6. Theories and Concepts- relavent data 7. Conclusions- to what extent does data support the conclusion 8. Consequences-if line of reasoning is accepted what are the outcomes? PQAPITCC Pat questions a person in the crowded crowd.
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What are the Universal Intellectual standards?
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1. Clarity- how clear is the definition 2. Accuracy- is info true 3. Depth- is there a lot of info that supports the claim 4. Breth- are there enough points of views? 5. logic-does the answer make sense a. does the 1st paragraph fit with the last 6. Significance- is it the most important issue to discuss? 7. Fairness- what side are you on? CADBLSF Universal Intellectual Standards talks: Cats Are Delicate Beloved Lives So Fine!
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How does our influence on Mass Media, Mass Communication and Culture shape it and how does it shape us?
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1.Mass Media shapes us through the examples it sets a. tall thin girl in a magazine (mass media) makes us believe that is what a pretty girl looks like Mass Communication shapes us through what we hear about. a. The video of Mohamed made by Americans is seen as insulting, has enflamed violence around the world. Years ago the islamic culture would not have heard of the video, meaning the conflict would have been avoided. Culture is shaped by what is displayed on Mass Media. 2.We shape mass media through our expectations a. we want things fast! so invention of phones that display all forms of mass communication (TV, Newspaper, radio) We shape Mass Communication with our love of fast gratification. We Shape Culture. a. B/c with the expansion of technology our society has become increasingly technology dependent
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Describe the Fish simile for the inseparable relationship between us and Mass Media.
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A fish doesn't know it's wet until it is out of the water.
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Define: Communication
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Transmitted information from a source to a receiver.
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Define: Feedback
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the information given by a person as you communicate with them a. If you are talking non-stop and the person you are talking to is standing not looking at you while picking their fingernails they are giving you feedback that they are not interested.
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Define: Interpersonal Communication
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Communication between two or a few people
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Define: Encoding
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Message is transformed into understandable system
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Define: Decoding
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after it is transformed it is interpreted
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Define: Noise
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Anything that stops the process of decoding a message. a. Newspaper's ink bled through to the page you are reading preventing you from reading it
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Define: Medium
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The way a message is sent
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Mass Medium
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The way a message is sent to a wide audience. a. Newspaper, TV, Internet
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Define: Mass Communication
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Process of creating shared meaning between mass Media and the audience.
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Define: Inferential Feedback
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Delayed Feedback. a. Movie critics review, or number of viewers watching a particular show
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What is the difference between interpersonal communication and Mass Communication?
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Interpersonal: can be tailored to the person, if they don't like what you are saying you can change the route of the conversation Mass Communication: you can't change the path of the conversation it has to be delivered. If people are disengaged from it you can't as easily reengage them in the conversation. Personalization is hard because there are too many people to please.
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Define: Cultural Definition of Communication (James W Carey)
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There is a link between communication and reality. Communication stays with the ever evolving and changing culture.
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Define: Culture
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Learned behavior based off of what is seen around you, from memories and social groups. Also traditions, way of thinking feeling and acting
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How is a culture created?
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It is created through communication. a. when traditional stories are told they turn into traditions which turns into culture 1. Parent raises child with certain religious stories in certain religion that is their culture
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What is the purpose of culture?
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It gives us a place in the world. Defining who we are as people.
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What is a negative of culture?
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The traditions mold certain ways of thinking and feeling creating repetitive thoughts and beliefs which can sometimes be bad beliefs. a. Grown up in a southern family believe African Americans are lower than whites. Women are believed to be beautiful only if they are thin. a. this causes problems in young women 1. over 40% of 1st graders diet 2. by 17th Bday 78% of girls say they hate their bodies.
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What is an example of how culture determines our behavior?
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We unconsciously know how close to stand to someone,
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What does culture decide about the way we act/
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It decides what is right and what is wrong.
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What is an example of how shallow our society is?
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Women athletes who hold world records are unknown while women like Heidi Pratt are world renowned examples of American women.
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Define: Dominant Culture, Main Stream Culrure
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Culture that holds appeal to the majority of citizens
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How can the statement not all creatures that live in the water are fish, some are dolphins and some are whales relate to American Culture?
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Americans have a diverse culture, there are many different subgroups within the USA. We can not all be called American.
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Bounded Cultures/ Co cultures
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They are cultures with in a culture. a. Italian neighborhood
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Give an example of a the problems of bounded cultures.
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9/11 the bounded culture of Muslim Americans were harassed in their own county
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Where can you find a cultures values and beliefs?
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In the stories it tells a. Journalists tell the stories today 1. Hurricane Katrina * "white couple finds food" * "black man loots food"
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Define: Technology Determinism
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The way technology is used determines a culture's land scape.
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Oral Preliterate Cultures
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cultures without written language.
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Griots
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talking chiefs that provided oral history
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Ideogrammatic
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written language of pictures
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Syllable Alphabet
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Alphabet with vowels and consonants
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Papyrus parchment
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writing material made from animal skin
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Literacy
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the ability to read
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How did literacy in cultures affect the power of elders?
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They were not the sole providers of information and history anymore thus they lost power. The power shifted to the people who could read and write
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Who invented the printing press? what did the invention lead to?
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Gutenberg. It lead to mass communication.
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What influence did the printing press have on ideas and education?
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It made it easier for people to be educated because more literature was available to teach from. Ideas spread, touching people they never would have reached in the past allowing for discussion and expansion of ideas.
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How did the printing press effect people's connection to religion?
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People had other things to read so they found new versions of entertainment that did not involve christianity.
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How did the printing press lead to technological developments?
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people used it to design plans and come up with ideas of new technology, as it allowed for easier collaboration people came up with new ideas.
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What effect does TV have on culture?
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TV can manipulate culture. a. violence on TV makes it socially acceptable to be more violent as a culture.
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What ar the 7 elements of media literacy?
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1. Critical Thinking 2. Understanding Mass Communication 3. Knowing the impact of media on individual and society 4. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages 5. Understanding that media content as a text provides a insight into our culture and our lives 6. learn to enjoy understand and appreciate media content 7. Development of effective and responsible production skills.
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Multiple Points of Access
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Learn to enjoy understand and appreciate media content approach media from a different direction
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genre
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categories of expression with in different media.
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Conventions
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Standardized style element in a genre. a. conventions of evening news are short upbeat introductions leading into the main story
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Production Value
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The choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angle, location on page, size and placement of headline. a. when a character dreams the picture of them becomes a little fuzzy.
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Cultivation Media
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when we see media over and over it starts to rub off a. Magic Bullet theory- mass media is placed into our head and the provider is thought to be able to manipulate our thoughts
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Day and Date Release
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The day and date a movie is released in a theater or a video is released on demand
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How did the invention of Movies on Demand effect the Theaters?
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Movie attendance dropped 5.2% since 2007
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What has happened to society as a the "media Industry" as a result of all of the developments in technology?
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Audience has fragmented. There is a lower concentration of people watching certain shows as more and more shows develop. But with increase in media technology people spend more time watching TV or using internet. a. 8-18yrs spend 10hrs and 45mins a day using media technology
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Media Multitasking
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simultaneously consuming many different types of media
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Convergence
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Media sources combining into one source. a. convergence of Newspaper and radio into TV
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What is concentration of ownership and what are the effects?
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When small media companies are bought our by big ones. It lessens the realm of ideas.
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Conglomeration
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increased ownership of media companies by non media outlets that are big. a. larger the news operation the more disconnected the news becomes 1. Anna Nicole Smith died covering 60% of news while the war only got 55%
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Mass Communication
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One entity or 1 person sending info to many
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What did we need before convergence of technology?
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we needed to get a radio if we wanted to listen to radio, needed to get movie or go to theater if we wanted to watch one. Now we just get an I-Phone and we can get radio and movie.
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What are 3 Elements of Convergence?
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digitization- the transformation of into 0's and 1's high speed technology-wirless everything endless advances in technology- technology is forever changing allowing for new convergence a. credit card scanner on phone
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fragmentation
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audience divided into smaller groups
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concentration of ownership
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to survive in world of convergence companies own multiple programs in Tv, Radio, Internet a. ABC owned by Disney
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How can famous people monopolize audience attention?
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Glen Beck (well known anchor) tells people to buy gold because it is a good investment so people do.
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What mistake did Newspapers make?
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They put the paper on TV for free so now written word on paper is not wanted people just look for the paper online for free.
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Hyper Commercialism
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advertising has increased.
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Product Placement
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product placement in shows. Certain cars are displayed in shows
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Why was product placement used?
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Because of creation of DVR where you can fast forward shows people advertise in the shows
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What is information freedom?
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It gives people the power to tell their own story. while big news companies can manipulate the story.
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What effect does fragmentation have on what the news stations air?
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News stations have to air interest pieces in order to keep the public interested in their station, instead of playing what is really important. a. royal wedding instead of a tsunami.
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Economies of Scale
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Bigger =better as size of endevors grow the expense lessens a. the more media outlets owned the less expensive it is to run the programs
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Project Excelence in Journalism
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Non taxed project group that researches with a non partisan non political frame of mind. It studies the preformance of the press and strives to make it better.
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Oligopoly
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Concentration of media companies into a small number of companies. a. multiple tv stations merge into one big one so the number of separate tv stations shrinks 1. this process removes the news from the people *limiting perspectives turning news into a business trying to sell news instead of providing it
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Globalization
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Media companies owned by multinational corporations a. media must globalize because people from all over the world intertwine b. even though globalization of companies leads news to distributing news the public wants to hear rather than what we need to hear
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What is narrowcasting/ niche marketing/ targeting and why is it necessary?
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It is focusing on one group with in a society to advertise to. It is necessary because society has fragmented into many different groups with different interests. a. Nickolodean targets kids b. Reason Magazine, 55,000 subscribers each person got a personalized magazine with there house on it
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What were the three main tv stations before cable?
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ABC, NBC and CBS
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Addressable Technologies
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technology that allows very specific content to go to very specific audience members.
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What effect on society are people concerned will come about b/c of fragmentation?
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People are afraid fragmentation will lead to divisions in society.
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Taste Public
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people bound by an interest in a given form of media content
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Hypercommercialism
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rise in number of commercial minutes loss in number of show minutes. a. was 47 minutes of show now it is 43 minutes of show 17minutes of commercials
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Bugs and Obnoxicons
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Commercial adds that run on bottom 3rd of the screen.
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product Placement
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Putting real life products in tv shows as hidden advertisement. a. they do it b/c we leave room or fast forward when commercial comes on. 1. COKE displayed in American Idol 2. The mention of a chevy in a country song
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Brand Entertainment
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The brand that uses product placement is put into the show and becomes an essential part of the show. a. Claire's Keds in Clique they are 'her' shoes.
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Payola
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radio stations accept money from a record company to play a song more often. a. it use to be illegal
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Webisodes
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Internet only show
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Synergy
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company that tries to own as many media industries as possible
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Platform Agnostic
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No preference to where our media content is run. a. Radio/ Tv ext.
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Blogs
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personal online page where you can write about anything.
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Cost of Entry
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posting things online is costless
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RSS Really Simple Syndication
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Web users can access any information and create their own content with the limitless supply of materials
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appointment consumption
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audience consuming content at a predetermined time.
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consumption of demand
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watch when you want where you want
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Interpretation A- The content Producer
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Source of content no longer has to be a big corporation it can now be one person posting on a blog.
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Feedback and Interpretation B- The Audience
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we can now give feedback quickly so providers know us better.
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Why didn't books become widely popular in the USA early on?
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people who came to Amer. had to struggle to survive they did not have time to free read. They were too expensive. a. expense =economic b. illiteracy = social c. Stamp Act= political
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How can a government control people?
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Limit knowledge Censor Books Fear Rewards- Bribes
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What are books often referred to as?
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Books are Agents of Change. a. Uncle Tom's Cabin- anti-slavery book 1. helped start the civil war which was a huge change in Amer. society
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What is another example of a book as an agent of change?
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Turner Diaries was believed to inspire the Oaklahoma City bombings.
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What are the main effects of books?
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1. Books are agents of change 2. Cultural repository 3. books are windows into the past 4. books are important sources of social development a. Out Bodies Ourselves- women who come together and figure out health problems from other women instead of male doctors 5. Books are sources of entertainment. 6. Mirror our Culture 7. Books are personal mean something different to each person
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Self-censorship
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The ability to read but choose not to.
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What is an example of Conversion on Books?
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Books are now being sold through Ebook instead of a printing company printing them, binding them, storing them and shipping them. They cut down on cost of paper and gasoline. Use of Ebook may leave people paying full price for books b/c you won't find them on Amazon a. this is an economic effected by books
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What is TV and Radio's reaction to low levels of interest?
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They lower the quality of the show produced.
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Linotype
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replacement for letter to letter type writing. typing a line of words at a time.
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offset lithography
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this aloud photographic plates rathe than heavy and fragile metal casts.
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Dime Novels/Pulp Novels
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Irwin and Erastus Beadle saw the popularity of books and began selling them for 10 cents.
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Who created the paperback book?
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The Beadle brothers came up with the 1st version of paper back books. the one we know today was invented by Allen Lane
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Give examples of banned books.
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Harry Potter- for its wizards and warlocks ideas. To Kill a Mocking Bird for it's Race and Gender Issues (Rape)
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What are different Categories of books?
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1. Book Club Edition 2. El-hi- text books for elementary and high school 3. Higher Education- college and Universities 4. Mail order books- advertised on TV 5. Mass Market Paperbacks- romance novels diet novels usually on published as paperback and designed to appeal to wide audience. 6. Professional Books 7. Religious 8. Standerdized tests- guide and practice books for the SATs 9. Subscription Reference- Encyclopaedia 10. Trade Books- hard are soft cover books that are fiction non fiction cook books biographies 11. University Press Books- Nonfiction school related
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acquisition editor
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person who is in charge of figuring out which book a publisher will publish
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remainders
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unsold copies of books that are returned to the editior to be sold at an extreme discount.
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e-publishing
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publishing books online
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e-book
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book downloaded electronically
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Print on Demand
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You order a book and the company prints it when you order it.
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Platform agnostic publishing
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digital and hard copy books available for all reading devices
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Digital Epistolary novel
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read and interact with characters as the story unfolds
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cottage industry
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small publishing companies, small operations that are closely identified with their personnel. (small staff and authors)
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Subsidiary Rights
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Publishers attempt to offset the investment costs by selling rights of characters and the books content to film makers paperback publishers and foreign publishers, product producers like t-shirts, greeting card ext.
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Instant Books
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Name for books that are released after a big event on the front page of the news they are released instantly.
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Why are Instant Books profitable?
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They are profitable because the main ideas of the book are on the minds of the authors.
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What do the multiple small book publishers specialize in?
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They specialize in a certain genre of books like, environment, feminism fay issues and how to. They also publish writing that is not interesting to the big companies like poetry and literary commentary.
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What negative role do large book stores play in society?
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They sell 20% of books that are sold. (Borders and Barnes and Nobel) They can order a mass number of books cheaply but when the large book stores order only the best sellers the small books get lost.
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What is the positive role of big books stores on society?
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Because they can sell books cheaply they can introduce people into reading that may not have ever planned on reading before. So they may move on to better more interesting material.
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What are small book store strategies for gaining buyers?
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They invite authors to read books for clients. And start book clubs for little kids.
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what are the negatives of the demands for profits?
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Publishers no longer tackle important issues, experimenting with new styles and finding and nurturing unknown writers. They focus on what is popular here and now and what will make them the most money rather than what will be the most interesting.
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How many Harry Potter Books were sold?
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sold over 400million copies world wide.
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What is the positive effect of Harry Potter on Kids and reading?
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2/3rds of all American children say they have read Harry Potter. Meaning the book as turned a whole generation of children into readers because they have discovered the mysterious of novels.
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What is the Halo effect of Harry Potter?
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When kids come into bookstores asking for books that are similar to Harry Potter.
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What is the difference in response to audience interest in media content between Harry Potter and Network shows?
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Jk. Rowling raises her standards of content as the 7th book is bigger than the rest. But Net work shows lower the quality of its media content to Fear Factor and Flavor of Love, thinking it will intrigue and interest new viewers.
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What does harry Potter prove about an audiences expectations?
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It proves that an audience with high expectations will have their expectations met.
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What does the Osgood and Schramm Model represent and look like?
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It represents the effect of communication between mass media and audience. It says you have a message sent then you encode it interpret it and decode it then send a message back out for the same process.
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What does Schramm's Model of Mass Communication represent?
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It says 1. an organizaion decodes input from news sources and art sources 2. sends out many messages from interpretation and encoding to mass audience 3. the mass audience all interpret info in different ways 4. The message is often acted upon. and sent back in delayed inferential feed back to the organization decoder
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Chapter 4
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Newspapers
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How many journalists lost their jobs in 2001?
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9,700 people lost there jobs
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Disturptive translition
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the process of transision that newspapers are going through.
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What % of Newspapers have remained strong?
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70%
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Acta Diurna
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The Roman Newspaper during Cesars time written on a tablet and posted on a wall after a senate meeting.
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Where did the Newspaper that started our modern day newspapers emerge?
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Modern day newspaper emerged in Europe.
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Corantos
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1 pg newsheets about specific events printed in Holland and England
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Diurnals
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forerunners of our newspaper today.
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Oxford Gazett
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official voice of English Crown in 1665 it was renamed the London Gazett.
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Broadsheets/ Broadsides
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Single sheet announcements.
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Who printed the official Broadsheet paper?
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Ben Harris (Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic) It only lasted a day because he could not get his writing license.
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Alien and Sedition Act
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made it illegal to write anything false scandalous or malicious about prez. congress or federal gov
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penny press
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one cent news papers for everyone
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whose newspaper established newspaper as a mass media for social change?
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horace Greeley's New York Tribune oriented on human reports
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Who did Newspapers appeal to the most?
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people who were excluded from mainstream culture
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Freedom Journal
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1st african american newspaper by john B Russwurm
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who wrote the north star?
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Fredrick Douglass it was the most influenctial paper bfor the civil war
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what was the name of a native american paper?
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cherokee rose bud
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What was an economic change in newspapers?
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1.They shared resources to form a wire service. They could cover more area with mor ereporters dedicating some people to research and some to writing. Saved them money bc they could use peices of shared research in articles. 2. advertisements were used to gain profit
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What is yellow Journalism and who created it?
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Hungarian immigrant Joseph Pulitzer developed "New Journalism" (Yellow Journalism)- actiavist style of writing a. write about slums labor tension failing farms common man b. had big pictures and bold headlines
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Owners of the San Francisco Examiner and Pulitzer's World who were huge newspaper enemies?
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Hearst and Pulitzer
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where did the name yellow journalism come from
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cartoon called yellow kid
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Newspaper chains-why were they created?
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created b/c of the competition from radio and magazines. Newspapers started papers in cities across the world. Creating the modern news paper
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How many newspapers in the us sold daily
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50mil
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how many ppl read the paper everyday
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104 mil
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how many say read every sunday
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115mil
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When tv was created what cultural changes went with it?
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shorter work hours more cash to spend move to suburbs women joining work force this all altered newspaper readership
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how many different newspapers in the world today?
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1800 newspapers
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what % are dalies and what %weekly and semi weekly
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dailies 15% weekly 77% Semi weekly 8%
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pass along reader ship
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readers pass along the paper and read it without buying a new one
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with pass along reader ship and purchasing reader ship how many people bcome in touch with dailies and weeklies?
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104 mil in touch with daily 200 mil in touch with weekly
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What are the different types of Newspapers?
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Wall Street Journal- charles dow/ edward jones focuses on bussiness world a. it is the up scale advertiser USA Today-"The Nations Newspaper"(circulation of 2.1 mil) Large Metropolitain dailies- have to be published at least 5 times a week a. they loose circulation at rate of 10% a year Zone Editions- suburban or regional versions of the paper to arrtact readers and combat competition for advertising
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Until the 1830's what type of press have we had?
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a partisain press that was sponsored by someone and a political party a. catholic paper Quacker paper Whig paper people bought newspaper that fit their benefits
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what was the social factor of a penny press?
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many poor immagrants could now afford paper which lead to an increase in literacy rates
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what did advertisements allow newspapers to break away from?
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they could now stand alone away from sponsers with partisian biases
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Yellow journalism lead to the newspapers transformation into what?
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Newspaper's transformation into big business. a. pulitzer and hearst realized that people wanted to read about celebrities 1. bc they were battling for business they wrote entertainment pieces
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What happened when the wall between the news room and the business office is broken?
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News papers write what people want to know instead of what people need to know a. crime and murder(sensational stories) instead of political
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What is a downside of a newspaper writing for a certian interest group?
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They have a closed view of what is happening around the world. if they reported on neighboring groups problems the main group may not be interested and may not buy paper. However the main group may become interested and want to help
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what was the mistake newspapers made regarding the internet?
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they just posted their articles online. If they had made people pay for online articles from the beginging people wouldnt be opposed to doing so now
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Fire Wall
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...
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Advertorials
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companies pay for their product to have an ad written about it the ad often looks like an article
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How did the distruction of hurricane Katrina display the importance of Newspapers?
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All the Tv and radio broadcast centers were shut down but the The Times-Picayune was up and running giving stories and hope to citizens
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Why is the New York Times nationally known?
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It is a daily but its high quality work makes it nationally known
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Suburbain Small town Dailies
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Long Island's Newsday is the 11th largest suburbain daily in country its circulation is 377,500
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Weeklies and Semi weeklies
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prosper from advertising come out every week
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The ethnic press
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Blacks/ Hispanic/ Latino spanish papers circulate 18mil a, big dailies make ethnic papers in order to be successful in today's fractered society
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What papers do non local people identify with?
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they identify with local papers not national bc it often fits their culture better
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What % of population do blacks represent
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12% of pop but they are the second largest group of newspaper readers in country
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What are some social changes caused by newspaper?
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In the journalism society after yellow journalism era journalists began to take themselves more seriously. they started the first journalism schools
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what are some of the parts of a newspaper?
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Banner Name plate Headline/ Head Deck
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Banner/Name Plate
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Big name at eht etime of the paper Date City of publication volume # Ownership Price
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Headlines
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Big and Bold Type that shows up above the story it's the title of the story
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Deck
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the sentence underneath the headline that explains the headline. a. Gamble Fuels First Victory Deck->Gas - only pit stop pays off for Johnson
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WHat does a Deck add to an article?
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It adds precision to an article
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By-line
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tells reader who wrote the story
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What is an economic change caused by newspapers?
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The creation of Associated Press-(news service that gives information to many newspapers and news stations a. lowers cost of information seeking - you pay half as much for someone to cover the story If you sent someone to get the information you would pay twice as much
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What is the Associated press?
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It is a wire service
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Date line
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where story happened where it originated
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Lead
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the first sentence of the article tells reader what will be in the article a. may introduce you to a person b. may introduce you to a scene 1. that means it's a feature story Straight News Story lead focus on facts a. summary type lead
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Graphics
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add to the further description to the story
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Mcpaper
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standard one size fits all paper like the Usa Today
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Cut Line
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explains what is going on in the photograph displayed
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Jump Line
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tells if the article is finished on a different part of the newspaper (tells you where)
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What are the different sections of Newspapers?
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News Pages- unbias, actual accounts of local or national news Opinion- somones opinion of what happpend int the news (editorial/opinion/analysis/ commentary)
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More sections of the newspaper?
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colums- regularly appearing stories written by the same author each time (similar to the opinion pages)
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What type of article use to be considered bad to put on the front page?
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Colums and opinion
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Chapter 5
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Magazines
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What were the tv's before the time of tv?
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Magazines
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What group were magazines the favorite medium of?
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they were the favorite medium of the british elite
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who published American Magazine?
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Philly Andrew Bradford
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What was the name of Ben Franklin's magazine
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General Magazine
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Early magazines were aimed at who?
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they were aimed at small # of literate colosits and they were expansive and there was limited postal service which mad magazines unsuccessful
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The early magazines General Magazine (Ben Franklin) and American Magazine (Andrew Bradford)
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Amer mag. only produced 3 issues General mag only produced 6
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when did new magazines appear and what magazine did they copy
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1741 they copied British magazines
question
What was a second mag that Ben franklin started?
answer
the Franklin Gazette (1729) lasted 148 yrs
question
what fueled the expansion of magazines?
answer
cheap printing and growing literacy
question
What reforms helped magazine expansion?
answer
abolistion and labor reform helped expansion
question
how many mags in 1825
answer
100 magazines
question
how many mags in 1850
answer
600 magazines
question
what magazines changed the appearence of american magazines to their own model instead of the british model?
answer
American Boy and United States Literary Gazette
question
after what war did magazines become a national mass medium?
answer
after the civil war
question
how many mags in 1865, 70, 85?
answer
700, 1,200, 3,300
question
what were some women mags?
answer
Ladies Home Journal Good House Keeping
question
What was an economic change of magazine?
answer
growth due to literacy
question
what was a political change that lead to economic change for magazines?
answer
Postal Act of 1879 allowed mailing of magazines at a cheap price production of rail roads led t cost reduction
question
how much did mags cost
answer
10 or 15 cents which allowed working class people to buy them
question
what change in the cities allowed for more leisure time?
answer
industrialization -provides lesiure time and more personal income
question
What mags were americas 1st national mass medium true or false?
answer
true -like books they are important for social change
question
Muckraking
answer
a term used for journalists who use articles for exposing injustice, exposing abuse
question
1920's mags were not mass marketed
answer
false they were mass marketed and helped unify nation they were the tv of their time
question
from 1900 to 1945 how much did the number of subscribers increase?
answer
200,000 to 32 mil
question
what was an african american mag
answer
crisis by we b dubois
question
when tv was invented how did mags have to change?
answer
they had to become mags for certian interest groups in order to gain back advertisement profits stolen from tv a. Mags like GQ and Self-talked about new and exciting lives
question
what changed when women entered the work force?
answer
more money and lesieure time for women to spend on entertainment like mags
question
what is the secret to success for a magazine?
answer
specialized writing stories for certian interest groups. Also they are not tied down to a geographic area so when social changes cause geographic intrest group moves they are able to ajust
question
How did muckrakers cause political change?
answer
the inhumane work conditions of laborers were exposed the disgusting violations of health saftey in food industry was exposed a. leading to pure food and drug act and anti child labor laws
question
what do magazine writers look for in order to be successful?
answer
they look for society trends
question
how manyy mags in operation in 1950 and how many now?
answer
1950- 6,950 Now 20,590
question
what are the 3 types of mags today?
answer
Trade/professional/business-professional, business (stories for people in different professions/ distributed by profession Industrial company and sponsored- produced for people who belong to certian associations (its for certain members) Consumer Mags-sold by subscription (newsstands/ book stores)
question
consumer magazines
answer
mags that focus on wants needs wishes and interests of public a. seventeen b. Elle
question
why do mags get so many advertisers?
answer
advertisers want their ads shown to people who are most likley to use their product and magazines sell to people with certian deep interests
question
what is usually the % of editorial to advertising ratio
answer
43% 53%
question
How much revenue does the mag industry make? WHat % is due to advertisements?
answer
30 billion dollars 55% bc of advertisers
question
split runs
answer
special versions of a mag issue that focuses on one topic a. Time - has about 8 issues that focus on certian profession
question
curculation
answer
the total # of issues sold
question
controlled circulation
answer
providing mags at no cost to readers tht meet specific advertiser attractive criteria
question
custom publishing
answer
publication designed by one company soley for one type of audience
question
who measures circulations #s
answer
ABC- Audit Bureau of Circulation (1914)
question
Pass-along readership
answer
you read but dont actually buy mag a. in doctors office
question
what form of circulation numbers have fallen in the last few years?
answer
paid circulation (newstand sales) have fallen
question
what was produced when the internet and magazines converged?
answer
Online Mags-they offer special interactive features the hard copies do not have
question
Custom Mags
answer
want to reach a narrowlly defined audience a. favored costumers users or buyers
question
Brand MAgs
answer
consumer mags -general articles, features published by retail or business for readers having demographic characteristics similiar to those of consumers with whom they typically do business.
question
Magalogue
answer
designer catolog produced to look like a consumer magazine a. Abercombie and Fitch b. Crew
question
How did TV threaten mags?
answer
they were arranged for specific consumers and could advertise to certain consumers
question
What was an economic change of mags?
answer
Technology created an economic change allowing consumers to immediatley get their subscriptions and sending them to sales outlets around the world immediately
question
what do mags do to earn more money with the list of subscribers/
answer
they sell them to bussinesses
question
How did Advertisers permently change the economics of mags
answer
they gave incentive for advertorials which look like editorials but they are actually biased accounts of a product a. however they are financially neccissary in this competative entertainment market
question
Contemporary copy
answer
content that rienforces advertiser's message
question
ad-pull policy
answer
demand for advanced review of mag content a. threatens to pull the ad if dissatisfied with content
question
What is a social change caused by mags?
answer
Graphics can greatly influence the message of a story a. OJ Simpsons face was made to look darker to make him look more real (they said) 1. How does chaning his real photo make him look more real? Julia Roberts's head put on her body from years b4 a. which rienforces unrealistic standards of women's beauty
question
When pictures are changed and stories are manipulated what can it do to audience members?
answer
they loose confidence in mag and stop buying it
question
Why do mags take off after the civil war?
answer
liticary rates are improving and printiing process is improving
question
Why were mags the 1st mass medium?
answer
they were different from newspapers they were not specialized by location
question
Why did other mass media companies copy mags
answer
they were the 1st to hilight fragmentation other media industries copied them
question
what magazine lead to a genre of tv?
answer
Home improvement mags lead to HGTV
question
What is the potential danger of niche marketing?
answer
Gm's cars are supposedly dangerous a. do you down play the danger to keep your advertisers b. or risk loosing your advertiser by telling the truth
question
What part of a mag is seen as an important place in society?
answer
the front cover of mags
question
what problems does photoshop create other than in young girls?
answer
people have been taken out of pics or added into pics to tell the story better a. means the readers arent getting the straight forward story they are getting the manipulated version can cut a pic of the prez. so it looks like he is only meeting with dems and ignoring repub point of view even though he had two repubs in pic they were just cropped out.this manifulates the sotry and doesn't tell the truth
question
liquid barretter
answer
first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices
question
audio tube
answer
vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals
question
affiliates
answer
national radio networks groups of stations a. could deliver to larger audiences gained more advertising revenue 1. let them hire bigger stars
question
O &Os
answer
for owned and operated
question
Low Power FM
answer
LPFM - lowpower radio stations that reached only a few miles
question
playlist
answer
predetermined sequence of selected records of popular music for young people (up tempo and catchy)
question
Format Radio
answer
a radio station's particular sound or format content
question
secondary services
answer
ex country station might broadcast a religious program on their sunday shows
question
billing
answer
income earned by sale of airtime
question
deregulation
answer
taking away regulations a, company can own as many as 8 stations in one market
question
duopoly
answer
one person or company owning and managing many radio stations in a single market
question
covered
answer
recording of one artitst's music by another
question
catalogue albums
answer
albums more than 3 years old
question
recent catalogue albums
answer
albums that have been out for 15 months up to 3 years
question
syndication
answer
sale of radio or tv content to stations on a market to market basis
question
Digital Music Express (DMX)
answer
recieving radio through tv
question
Digital audio radio service
answer
direct home or radio delivery of radio
question
Web radio
answer
radio played through computer via internet
question
podcasting
answer
recording and downloading of audio files stored on servers
question
terrestrial
answer
land based radio
question
in band on channel
answer
relying on digital compression technology
question
Bitcasters
answer
web only radio stations can be accessed only online
question
streaming
answer
simultaneous downloading and accessing playing of digital audio or cideo data
question
digital recording
answer
sound went from recording or preserved as waves on a disc to 1s or 0s logged in millisecond intervals in computerized translation
question
MP3
answer
compression software that shrinks audio files to less than a tenth of their original size
question
open source software
answer
freely downloaded software
question
P2P
answer
peer to peer
question
BitTorrent
answer
file sharing software a. lets anonymous users to create swarms of data as they simultaneously download and upload bits
question
who were the 1st people to apply for pattents for radio
answer
Nikola Tesla or Guglielmo Marconi
question
What early sound recording equitment did edison patent?
answer
phonautograph -talking machine the gramophone improved it
question
what was Alex Bell's idea that lead to his creation of subscribtion music services?
answer
he wanted to bring piano into home wirelessly
question
how was the radio utilized during world war 2
answer
they used it to comunicate
question
what did military force radio companies to do because of fear of what?
answer
they forced radio companies to merge fearing that foriegn companies would steel vital reasource of the war
question
what caused the Radio Act of 1912
answer
lots of radios were left unattended causing ships to crash and killing people a. strengthend rules regarding ship board wireless made operators required to be licensed by secretary of commerce and labor
question
what is the trustee model
answer
idea that broad casters serve as the public's trustees
question
spectrum scarcity
answer
not alot of space in broaddcast spectrum not everyone who wants to broadcast can a. people who were allowed to broadcast had to accept regulation
question
How would radio make money when every house had one
answer
they would use advertising
question
what did advertisment lead to the creation of
answer
creation of national radio networks a. affiliations could broadcast to bigger audiences which ment more advertising money (economic)
question
what was the economic benifit cycle created by affiliations
answer
affiliations -> bigger audiences -> more advertisers -> more money to hier bigger stars-> attracts more audience
question
What was a political change in Radio
answer
NBC (1943) was too powerful a. had to get rid of one of its networks 1. sold it to Edward Noble who turned it into ABC
question
why did phonograph loose popularity?
answer
great depression - peoople no longer had the money to by more entertainment(records)
question
how did ww2 effect newspapers and radios economically?
answer
their was a paper shortage- less advertisers could have ads in newspapers radio had more advertisment room. and Gi's brought back new recording technology fro Germany 1. tape recorder
question
what led to the Radio Act of 1927
answer
broadcasts were done by amatures so they were not reliable made listener mad led to Radio Act of 1927- brought radio under regulation of gov. but the gov was not a censor it was a trustee
question
Trustee model
answer
gov supervised the radio and consumer a. scarcity - not enough room for everyone to broadcast b. influence - ability to speak to many simultaneously
question
Federal communication commission
answer
let people use public airways
question
what were entertianments 3 draws
answer
entertainment news sports
question
what was radios disruptive transition
answer
1940s tv appears it is more of a national program than radio and radio becomes more localized
question
TV
answer
Chapter 8
question
Nipkow disc
answer
Paul Nipkow - 1st workable device for generating electrical signals suitable for transmition on a screen
question
Pixels
answer
4,000 pixels (picture dots)
question
iconoscope tube
answer
1st practical tv camera
question
kinescope
answer
improved iconoscope
question
philo fransworth
answer
designed tv system when 15yrs old when 20 made 1st public demonstration
question
coaxical cable
answer
copper aluminum wire encased in plastic foam insulation covered by aluminum outer conductor and then sheathed in plastic
question
microwave relay
answer
network for distribution of tv programming i summer of 1951
question
Quiz show scandal
answer
shows like $64000 question were fixed by advertisers to ensure desired outcomes a. led to congressional action to cancel programs
question
spot commercial
answer
selling individual 60 sec spots on a given program to wide variety of advertisers a. reduced quality of show bc network did not have to worry if their name was on it or what type of quality it would be
question
red scare chanels
answer
report of communist influence in radio and tv a. run by fbi agents
question
what did redscare do to networks
answer
they had security checks refused to hire suspect talent and demanded loyalty oaths from performers
question
what show was created to expose McCarthy's lies
answer
See it Now
question
how did tv help forward change in society
answer
all minority casts became well known- gave minorities more importance I love Lucy -Inter racial marrige
