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Self

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Hard to define... *Self's Main Parts: -Self-knowledge -Interpersonal self -Agent self

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Self-concept

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Our knowledge about who we are

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Self-schemas

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beliefs people hold about themselves that guide the processing of self-relevant information Example: A person that is concerned with their weight is schematic about their weight and thus susceptible to triggers such as going to the beach (mundane every day events)

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Looking-glass self:

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The idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others

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Introspection:

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The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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Self-awareness theory:

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The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

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Self-perception theory

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The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

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Intrinsic motivation:

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The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

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Extrinsic motivation:

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The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

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Social Comparison Theory:

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The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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Upward social comparison:

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A comparison of the self to another who does better than or is superior to us - Lowers self-esteem!

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Downward social comparison:

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A comparison of the self to another who does less well than or is inferior to us - Boosts self-esteem

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Personal vs. Social Identity Continuum

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* Personal level - As a unique individual *Group level - A member of a group *Where we place ourselves on this continuum influences our self identity -Whether we feel a part of a group or as an individual influences our social responses

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Personal vs social identity: Intragroup vs intergroup

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If we focus on our personal identity: - Likely to compare ourselves to other individuals *Comparisons within our group = intragroup comparisons If we focus on our group membership: - Likely to compare our group to other groups * Comparisons between groups = intergroup comparisons

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Social Identity Theory:

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We dissociate ourselves from in-group members who perform poorly & stay close to in-group members who perform well

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Black Sheep Effect

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When someone in our in-group acts in a way that threatens the value of the group identity, that person is rejected in an effort to protect the group identity (Beyonce giving her speech time to Taylor Swift)

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Self-evaluation Maintenance Model:

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We dissociate ourselves from people who perform better than we do & stay close to those who perform inferior relative to us

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Impression Management

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The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen (self-presentation)

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Strategic Self-Presentation

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Our efforts to shape others' impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval -Self-Promotion: Attempting to present ourselves to others as having positive attributes

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Ingratiation:

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The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status -If I stroke your ego, you'll like me more! -Generally effective if not over done!!

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Self-Verification

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The processes by which we lead others to agree with our views of ourselves; wanting others to agree with how we see ourselves -What about negative views? So committed to our intra-personal view we will go to lengths to correct someone that got a positive impression of us. -Self-verification vs. self-enhancement

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Kashy & DePaulo (1996)

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- College students report telling lies to other people about twice a day! - Why? To advance their own interests & to help protect their other person *People who lied reported having more friends

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Self-Depreciating

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Putting ourselves down to imply that we are not as good as someone else - Communicate admiration - Simply lower audience's expectations of our abilities

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Self-Handicapping

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The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

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Impression Management & Cognitive Load

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Cognitively busy = less impression management

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Pontari & Schlenker (2000)

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What about introverts vs. extroverts? Introverts do better when cognitively busy because they have less time to worry about social aspects

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The Self as a Target of Prejudice

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Emotional Consequences (frequency matters) - Depends on the attribution made for it...When the negative outcome is attributed to prejudice and... - More harm: The prejudice is seen as pervasive and internal factor (you fail test thus are uniquely unable to form task due to lack of intelligence) - Less harm: The prejudice is seen as isolated or rare (failed due to the professor not liking me)

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Cognitive Consequences of the Self as a Target of Prejudice

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Cognitive Consequences: -Perceived prejudice can also interfere with our ability to learn & acquire new skills - Regardless of the outcome...positive or negative!!

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Cognitive Consequences If we fail:

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-Self-fulfilling Prophecy: Once an individual is labeled, he/she may accept the redefined identity and play out the expectations of that role (females are bad at math so of course I am going to fail math test) - Learned Helplessness: A passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived to be unavoidable (females are bad at math so why study)

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Cognitive Consequences If we succeed:

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-Catastrophic Fantasy: Our tendency to a largely unconscious fear of being unmasked as a fake or unworthy of the respect - "Imposter Phenomenon": A psychological syndrome based on intense, secret feelings of fraudulence in the face of success and achievement.

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3 Basic Symptoms of Imposter Phenomenon

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3 Basic Symptoms of IP 1. The sense of having fooled other people into over-estimating one's ability. 2. The tendency to attribute success to some factor other than one's intelligence or ability. 3. The fear of being exposed as a fraud.

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Cognitive Consequences of self prejudice

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-It's really a lose-lose situation! - Constantly worrying, monitoring, & questioning oneself leads to a reduction in cognitive resources - A reduction in cognitive resources makes it difficult to learn new skills

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Behavioral Consequences - Stereotype Threat:

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a belief that one's performance may be judged based on a negative stereotype of their group - May confirm & reinforce the negative stereotype - Especially if one values their ability in a stereotypically negative area - When reminded of the stereotype, performance suffers

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Stereotype Threat

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- Effects are difficult to control or diminish... but...extremely easy to induce or initiate! *One common stereotype threat effect: - Women's performance in math & sciences - Can be easily induced by: - Putting a woman in a room with men to take the exam -Simply verbally "noticing" that she is a woman

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independent view of the self

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a way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people (individualist)

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interdependent view of the self

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a way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people; recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others (collectivist)

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Cultural differences in defining the self

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Masako Owada, 29 Japanese woman-diplomat in the foreign ministry, educated at Harvard and Oxford, speaks 5 languages. Owada married the Crown Prince and chose the more traditional role of housewife. She gave up any independent view of the self.

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Gender differences in defining the self

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women have relational interdependence -focus on their close relationships ex=how they feel about wife and child men are collective interdependent -focus their memberships on in larger groups ex=they are American

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Self awareness theory: problems

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People often participate in maladaptive behaviors to escape the spotlight of consciousness such as drinking, binge eating or drug use

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Insider vs outsider view of self

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-Outsider view of the self-viewing self through how others see you (collectivist) -Insider view-focusing on internal experiences rather than how people see them (individualist) *Mirror bothers those with an insider view more when filling out a survey

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causal theories

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Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder")

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reasons-generated attitude change

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attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize -If a reason we are with someone is difficult to verbalize, we might then focus on their annoying habits

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task contingent rewards

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rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

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performance-contingent rewards

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rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

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two factor theory

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Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

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Missattribution

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When people are aroused for one reason such as crossing a scary bridge, they often attribute this arousal to the wrong source-such as attraction to the person they are with.

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appraisal theories of emotion

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theories holding that emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal EX=friend tells you she just got into med school (no previous arousal). How you interpret this depends on how you interpret this event. If you are worried about your own acceptance-you might feel envious

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fixed mindset

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idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

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growth mindset

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the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

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social tuning

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the process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes

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self regulatory resource model

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-self-control is a limited resource (like a muscle), gets tired with frequent use but rebounds in strength -must be careful how we spend our self-control -if exert s-c on one task, likely will not have much to exert on another

Social psychology chapter 5 – Flashcards

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