Social Psychology | Chapter 3 (Social Beliefs and Judgments) – Flashcards
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priming
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activating particular associations in memory
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embodied cognition
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the mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments
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belief perseverance
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persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
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misinformation effect
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incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
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controlled processing
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"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious
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automatic processing
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"implict" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition"
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overconfidence phenomenon
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the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
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confirmation bias
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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heuristic
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a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
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representativeness heuristic
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the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
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availability heuristic
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a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; if instances of something come readily to mind we presume it to be commonplace
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counterfactual thinking
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imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't
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illusory correlation
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perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship that actually exists
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illusion of control
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perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are
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regression toward the average
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the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return towards one's average
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misattribution
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mistakenly attributing behavior to the wrong source
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attribution theory
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the theory of how people explain other's behavior (for example, by attributing it to either internal dispositions or to external situations)
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dispositional attribution
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attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
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situational attribution
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attributing behavior to the environment
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spontaneous trait inference
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an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior; also called "correspondence bias" because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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behavioral confirmation
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a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
