Social Psychology (chapter 14) – Flashcards
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the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one and other
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Social Psychology
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the theory that people try to explain behavior through either the situation or the persons disposition
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Attribution Theory
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when observers underestimate the impact of a situation, and overestimate the persons disposition
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Are Westerners more likely to blame disposition or situation?
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disposition
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Attitude
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attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. Occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue.
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Central Route Persuasion
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Responses to incidental cues, such as the speakers attractiveness. AKA when external factors (besides the actual logic of an argument) influence behavior.
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
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The tendency for people to agree to a small request and then later to a larger one. Milgram experiment.
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Foot-in-door phenomenon
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a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. SPE, Abu Ghraib.
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role
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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the effect of people mimicking others
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chameleon effect
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adjusting behavior to coincide with group standard. Asch line experiment.
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conformity
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval
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Normative Social Influence
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influence based on accepting other peoples view of reality
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Informative Social Influence
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When a situation is serious, conformity is more or less likely to rise
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more
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Between obedience and kindness, most people choose
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obedience
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When supported by beliefs, role models, and social interactions, people will or will not rebel
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will
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Does not apply to difficult tasks.
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social facilitation
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling towards a common goal then when individually accountable. Tug of war example. Don't want white dudes from US or UK.
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social loafing
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. War, food fights, baseball games.
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deindividuation
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the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Amplified through isolation.
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group polarization
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Allowing dissent or differing opinions prevents this.
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groupthink
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the enduring behaviors, ides, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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culture
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Delinquency, Divorce, and Depression
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Four things that have changed in culture for the worse:
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understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
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norm
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the buffer zone we maintain around our bodies
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personal space
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
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prejudice
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a generalized (but sometimes accurate) belief about a group of people
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stereotype
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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discrimination
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us
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ingroup
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them
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outgroup
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the tendency to favor your own group
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ingroup bias
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prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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scapegoat theory
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the tendency to recall faces of your own race more clearly than faces of other races. Also called cross-race bias, and own-race bias.
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other-race effect
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the tendency to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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just-world phenomenon
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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aggression
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the principle that frustration (the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
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frustration-aggression principle
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them
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mere exposure effect
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present in the beginning of a love relationship
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passionate love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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companionate love
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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equity
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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self-disclosure
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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altruism
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present
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bystander effect
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the theory that our social behaviors are an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize our benefits and minimize costs.
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social exchange theory
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the expectation that people will help those who have helped them
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reciprocity norm
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an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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social-responsibility norm
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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
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conflict
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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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social trap
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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mirror-image perceptions
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a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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superordinate goals
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
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GRIT
