Social Control Theories
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Social Bond Theory
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Travis Hirschi, 4 key bonds that keep people conforming the law (Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief)
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Attachment Theory
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family and friends, especially parents, having a close relationship with family prevents people from committing crime
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Commitment Theory
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ones commitment to groups, the more involved you are in something the more you have to lose
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Involvement Theory
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Involvement in conventional activities i.e sports, clubs, groups that are non-criminal... because it reduces the time you have available to involve yourself in crime.
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\"Idle hands are the devils workshop\"
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idea that if you are not busy or doing anything than you are more likely to get involved with bad stuff/ crimes.
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Belief
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NOT RELIGIOUS BELIEF. Belief that the law is valid and that it should be applied. If you believe that then you are less likely to involve yourself in crime because it goes against what you believe.
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Containment Theory
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Walter Reckless, there are external and internal factors that can exert control
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External Factors
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-responsibilities and limits - opportunity to achieve conventional status - identification with a group
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Internal Factors
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- Good self concept - Good conscience
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Drift
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Matza and Sykes, Youth can \"drift\" into delinquency by using techniques of neutralization
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There is ONE explanation of crime
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self-control, people with low self-control will engage in crime along with a wide range of impulsive action
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Ways to prevent deviant behavior
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supervise child, recognize deviant behavior, punish it when it occurs
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Specialization
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tendency to commit only one crime type (ex: someone who is specialized in \"theft\" only is a theft)
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Versatile
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doing bad things
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Age Crime Curve
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what differs is the relative ranking for each person
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Desistance
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the process of stopping to commit crime
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Persistence
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people who continue to commit crime
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3 elements of social
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poverty, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, and high rates of mobility contribute to social disorganization (Ruth Kornhauser) this is all concentrated in zone two which is why zone two has the highest rate of crime
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Coper Curve
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there's a 15-minute lag where crime continues 15 minutes after a cop drives away while performing random preventative control
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Emile Durkheim
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father of sociological criminology; influenced and inspired by the French revolution and the industrial revolution; functionalism, social disorganization, strain/anomie, and control theories were his legacy functionalism: crime is useful and has a place in society
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Cesare Beccaria
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father of classical theory; wrote An Essay on Crimes and Punishments; incorporation of social contract; influenced by Darwin's Origin; deterrence theory
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Cesare Lombroso
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Early biological theory; claimed that you could determine whether a person was criminal depending on the shape of their skull and the their facial make up; believed people were born criminal and this was a result of not evolving
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Travis Hirschi
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social control (neo-classical) and low self-control theories; bonds keep us from committing crime even though we are predisposed to doing so; parents and family are the locus of control; low self-control leads to criminality
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Jackson Toby (1957)
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-Social Disorganization across different communities
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Stake in Conformity
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-some people have a greater investment in social control than others, it is based on peers, communities, organizations, etc. -If the stakes in conformity is low, the chance of one engaging in crime is high
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Nye (1958)
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indirect vs. direct control
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Indirect Control
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by which a youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or superego.
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Direct Control
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by which punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures.
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime
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-A model of personal and social control designed to explain an individual's propensity to commit crime. -Assumes that offenders have little control over their own behavior and desires
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Sampson and Laub's theory of turning points and desistance
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-childhood to adolescence: family, school, and peer attachments were most strongly associated with delinquency - young adulthood to middle adulthood: attachment to work (job stability) and family (marriage) appear most strongly related to crime causation
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