question

Social control refers to A. justifications for deviant behavior. B. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. C. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society. D. behavior that violates the norms of a group.

answer

C

question

Which term is used to refer to the techniques and strategies for regulating human behavior in any society? A. social control B. social promotion C. socialization D. techniques of neutralization

answer

A

question

Which group has a role in maintaining social control? A. the family B. the government C. the peer group D. all of these

answer

D

question

Sanctions are A. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. B. justifications for deviant behavior. C. rules made by a government. D. a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.

answer

A

question

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as A. sanctions. B. values. C. folkways. D. techniques of neutralization.

answer

A

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not survive if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. labeling perspective

answer

A

question

A high school student pierces her tongue and her belly button because three of her best friends have done the same thing. This is an example of A. stress management. B. a sanction. C. conformity. D. obedience.

answer

C

question

Which term refers to going along with one's peers (individuals of a person's own status) who have no special right to direct a person's behavior? A. labeling B. conformity C. deviance D. obedience

answer

B

question

Obedience refers to A. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior. B. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. C. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. D. compliance with religious authorities.

answer

B

question

Which term is used to refer to compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure? A. norms B. folkways C. obedience D. sanctions

answer

C

question

Which person examined social obedience by conducting an experiment that required student subjects to administer "painful" shocks to subjects in an analysis of "learning"? A. Erving Goffman B. Stanley Milgram C. Robert Merton D. Harry King

answer

B

question

Stanley Milgram A. created the theory of differential association. B.conducted a study of obedience that required subjects to administer "painful" shocks to other subjects in an analysis of "learning". C. noted that punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior. D. illustrated how racism is influenced by the need to conform with peers.

answer

B

question

The managing editor of a newspaper acts on an order from the publisher, fires three editors, one of whom is an old friend. This is an example of A. obedience. B. conformity. C. deviance. D. neutralization.

answer

A

question

According to the study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will A. conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers even if such attitudes and behavior are racist. B. obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual. C.in most instances, disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, if the behavior may harm another individual. D. not conform to the attitudes and behavior of their peers if racism is expected.

answer

B

question

Social control carried out by people casually, through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as A. neutralization. B. conformity. C. informal social control. D. formal social control.

answer

C

question

Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive to get a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(an) A. norm. B. folkway. C. formal sanction. D. informal social control.

answer

D

question

A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry glare. This is an example of A. formal social control. B. informal social control. C. neutralization. D. tenure.

answer

B

question

Which one of the following would be an example of an informal social control? A person A. is arrested for speeding. B. is fined for bringing books back to the library after the due date. C. receives a smile for holding an elevator door for another person. D. receives a promotion for hard work.

answer

C

question

Which type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to individuals? A. capital punishment B. institutionalization C. spanking D. time-outs

answer

C

question

Social control carried out by authorized agents--such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers--is called A. neutralization. B. conformity. C. informal social control. D. formal social control.

answer

D

question

Clyde is arrested for "tagging" or vandalism. The arrest is an example of a(an) A. formal social control. B. value. C. informal social control. D. norm.

answer

A

question

A college student is caught cheating on an examination and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of A. formal social control. B. informal social control. C. neutralization. D. enforcing regulatory law.

answer

A

question

A college fraternity is found guilty of having racist recruitment policies by the college's intrafraternity council and administration, and it is forced to suspend operations on that campus. This is an example of A. an informal sanction. B. formal social control. C. a victimless crime. D. a norm.

answer

B

question

Law A. emerges from social norms. B. can be directed at all members of society. C. can govern the behavior of social institutions. D. all of these

answer

D

question

From a sociological perspective, laws are created in response to perceived needs for A. formal social control. B. informal social control. C. deprivation techniques of neutralization. D. cultural transmission.

answer

A

question

Deviance is behavior that A. always violates the laws of a society. B. always is illegal. C. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. D. is always anomic.

answer

C

question

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society is known as A. deviance. B. sanctions. C. laws. D. folkways.

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements about deviance is correct? A. According to the sociological definition of deviance, we are all deviant from time to time. B. Deviance involves the violation of group norms that may or may not be formalized into law. C. Deviation from norms is not always negative, let alone criminal. D. All of these

answer

D

question

Which one of the following is an example of deviance? A student A. sits in the front row of your sociology class and picks his or her nose during lecture. B. walks into your sociology class naked because it is hot outside. C. cheats on his or her first sociology examination. D. all of these

answer

D

question

Which of the following is a group that may be stigmatized in the United States today? A. ugly people B. fat people C. anorexic people D. all of these

answer

D

question

Which of the following is not true of stigma in the United States? A. Many people with "normal" appearance have cosmetic surgery each year because of the "beauty myth". B. People are not stigmatized for deviant behaviors in which they no longer engage. C. A person need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized. D. A recovering alcoholic might be stigmatized.

answer

B

question

Which sociological perspective(s) would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex-offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identity publicly known? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict and feminist perspectives C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective

answer

C

question

Early explanations for deviance focused strongly on A. supernatural and genetic causes. B. economical factors. C. sociological forces. D. rational choice.

answer

A

question

The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the larger debate over A. biosociology. B. sociobiology. C. impression management. D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

answer

B

question

Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists? A. environmental influences B. genetic roots C. social structure D. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

answer

B

question

"Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior". This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

answer

A

question

In Émile Durkheim's view A. the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability. B. labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in becoming a deviant. C. people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their aspirations. D. two of these statements true

answer

A

question

Which sociologist noted that punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and contribute to societal stability? A. Richard Quinney B. Clinton Sanders C. Émile Durkheim D. Kai Erikson

answer

C

question

Which term is used in sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective? A. anomie B. neutralization C. cultural transmission D. disobedience

answer

A

question

Which of the following would be an example of anomie? An individual A. loses a job, a fortune, and a family during the Great Depression of the 1930s. B. takes a shortcut to school and gets lost. C. wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities that are important to her. D. all of these

answer

A

question

Which functionalist sociologist developed a theory of deviance that suggests that members of a society may conform or deviate from the culturally prescribed goals and the means of attaining those goals? A. Howard Becker B. Edwin Sutherland C. Robert Merton D. Richard Quinney

answer

C

question

The anomie theory of deviance was created by A. Émile Durkheim B. Robert Merton C. Edwin Sutherland D. Howard Becker

answer

B

question

In his "anomie theory of deviance", Robert Merton A. was describing five types of deviance. B. was creating a typology to explain the adaptation people make in accepting or rejecting the goals of a society. C.noted that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that mode for an extended period of time. D. suggested conformists tend to ignore societal goals.

answer

B

question

The most common adaptation in Merton's anomie theory of deviance is A. ritualism. B. conformity. C. rebellion. D. innovation.

answer

B

question

An innovator, according to Robert Merton, is an individual who has A. abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means. B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society. C. accepted the goals of a society but pursued them with means regarded as improper. D. none of these

answer

C

question

An unemployed young adult wants an iPad, but he does not have the money or the means of earning the money that is needed to buy it. His desire for the iPad overwhelms him and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance? A. conflict theory B. the labeling theory C. the anomie theory of deviance D. the cultural transmission theory

answer

C

question

Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry final examination because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain", who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a(an) A. ritualist. B. retreatist. C. rebel. D. innovator.

answer

D

question

In Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as A. ritualists. B. rebels. C. innovators. D. retreatists.

answer

A

question

An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he does not have time to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance. According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a(an) A. ritualist. B. rebel. C. innovator. D. retreatist.

answer

A

question

A retreatist, according to Robert Merton, is an individual who has A. abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means. B. withdrawn from the goals and means of society. C. accepted the goals of a society but pursued them with means regarded as improper. D. none of these

answer

B

question

In Merton's terms, members of a revolutionary political organization, such as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), would be typically classified as A. rebels. B. ritualists. C. conformists. D. innovators.

answer

A

question

Which sociological perspective's approach to deviance focuses on why rule violation continues to exist in societies, despite pressures to conform and obey? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

answer

A

question

Which sociological perspective is reflected through the crime explanations offered in cultural transmission theory? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

answer

C

question

Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others? A. labeling B. cultural transmission C. societal-reaction approach D. techniques of neutralization

answer

B

question

Which of the following would illustrate cultural transmission? A. Tammy is in the shopping mall with her friends. Her friends begin to shoplift, and she engages in this behavior for the first time in order to retain their approval. B. Victor dresses strangely and is considered a "nerd" by his classmates. C. Joan is depressed because she has just been fired from her job and her husband has abandoned her.She is having suicidal thoughts. D. None of these

answer

A

question

Which sociologist used the term differential association to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violations of rules? A. Richard Quinney B. Erving Goffman C. Robert Merton D. Edwin Sutherland

answer

D

question

Monica, a new student in a high school, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and sit during the singing of the national anthem. Although Monica never used marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of A. differential association. B. conformity. C. labeling. D. both differential association and conformity.

answer

D

question

Bob and Steve are brothers who have different friends. Bob's friends are the "academic type", and Bob follows in their footsteps and goes to college. Steve's friends engage in crime, and Steve follows in their footsteps and goes to prison. Which explanation of deviant behavior is illustrated by this example? A. labeling B. anomie C. differential association D. dramaturgy

answer

C

question

Bob works in a supermarket as a cashier. His boss instructs him to include the price of a new broom that Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register into everyone's total bill. Bob's boss also encourages him to change dates on expired food items, so the items can be sold. Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sale practices. This is an example of A. labeling. B. anomie. C. differential association. D. dramaturgy.

answer

C

question

Which one of the following theories is associated with the interactionist perspective? A. cultural transmission B. sociobiology C. social conflict D. none of these

answer

A

question

Which of the following theories suggest that increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions? A. cultural transmission B. differential association C. social disorganization D. labeling

answer

C

question

Which sociological theory explains Philip Zimbardo's experiment involving abandoned cars in two different neighborhoods? A. cultural transmission theory B. anomie theory C. social disorganization D. control theory

answer

C

question

William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the varying fortunes of the Saints and the Roughnecks was their differing A. ages. B. social class standing. C. political views. D. characteristics in all of the above areas.

answer

B

question

Which sociologist examined two groups of high school males—the Saints and the Roughnecks— illustrating the importance of social class standing in the labeling process? A. William Chambliss B. Richard Quinney C. Kai Erikson D. Amitai Etzioni

answer

A

question

The societal reaction approach is also known as the A. human relations approach. B. anomie theory of deviance. C. labeling theory. D. dramaturgical approach.

answer

C

question

Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels? A. sexual predators and prostitutes B. gamblers and money C. regulators of social control D. children

answer

C

question

Researchers have discovered that students who are viewed as having "learning difficulties" are viewed more positively by teachers than those students who are viewed as "mentally handicapped" or "mentally subnormal", although there is no difference between people placed in each of these categories. This would be an example of A. labeling theory. B. the societal-reaction approach. C. the anomie theory of deviance. D. both labeling theory and societal-reaction approach.

answer

D

question

A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward students affect their performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance? A. anomie theory B. labeling theory C. cultural transmission D. differential association

answer

B

question

Which sociologist popularized an interactionist/conflict explanation of deviance that emphasizes that the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance? A. William Chambliss B. Harry King C. Howard Becker D. Edwin Sutherland

answer

C

question

Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality? A. Elliot Currie B. Richard Quinney C. Mark Warr D. Kai Erikson

answer

B

question

An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power as purported by the A. functionalist perspective. B. conflict perspective. C. interactionist perspective. D. global perspective.

answer

B

question

A man who is a bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be a particular concern of the A. functionalist perspective. B. conflict perspective. C. interactionist perspective. D. global perspective.

answer

B

question

Crime is a violation of A. criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. B. societal standards and are punished with informal sanctions. C. criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities. D. folkways.

answer

A

question

A single woman who is engaged in illegal acts of prostitution for the purpose of supporting herself and children is most likely to be considered a A. victimless criminal. B. corporate criminal. C. professional criminal. D. white-collar criminal.

answer

A

question

Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, illegally gambles, drinks, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed various A. organized crimes. B. victimless crimes. C. white-collar crimes. D. corporate crimes.

answer

B

question

eminist sociologists contend that the so-called victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the more disturbing aspects of pornography, A. reinforces the misconception that women can be treated as "toys". B. serves a vital deterrent function for all of society. C. should be criminalized only for younger women. D. none of these

answer

A

question

A professional criminal is A. an affluent individual or corporation that commits crimes in the course of the daily business activities. B. always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in smuggling, the sale of drugs, prostitution, and gambling. C. a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals. D. none of these

answer

C

question

An important aspect of a professional criminal's work is A. studying crime statistics. B. boundary maintenance. C. developing skilled techniques. D. goal multiplication.

answer

C

question

The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is called a(an) A. routine activities crime. B. victimless crime. C. organized crime. D. white-collar crime.

answer

C

question

Which term is used to refer to crimes committed in the course of business activities? A. professional crime B. organized crime C. index crimes D. white-collar crimes

answer

D

question

A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a presidential aide. This kind of crime is called A. professional crime. B. white-collar crime. C. organized crime. D. index crime.

answer

B

question

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes? A. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine. B. Conviction for a white-collar crime does not generally harm a person's reputation and career aspirations nearly as much as a conviction for street crime. C. Most cases are heard in municipal courts. D. All of these

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements about crime rates in the United States is correct? A. Reported crime in the United States is high, and the public continues to regard crime as a major social problem. B. There has been a significant decline in violent crime in the United States in recent years. C. Crimes committed by women have increased. D. All of these

answer

D

question

Underreporting of crime in the United States A. has not been a problem in recent years. B. has been a problem because members of racial and ethnic minority groups have not always trusted law enforcement agencies and have often refrained from contacting the police. C. is largely the result of white males failing to report crimes because of their insistence on maintaining a macho image. D. Two of these statements are true.

answer

B

question

Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys? A. fraud B. burglary C. motor vehicle theft D. aggravated assault

answer

A

question

When Stanley Milgram conducted his study of obedience, nearly two-thirds of participants refused to administer shocks to a stranger even though the researcher said that it was a necessary part of the study.

answer

false

question

Formal social controls are always carried out by the government.

answer

false

question

Socialization is the primary source of conforming, obedient behavior, and obedience to the law.

answer

true

question

Edwin Sutherland coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups.

answer

false

question

Recent sociological research supports the position that all forms of crime and deviance have genetic roots.

answer

false

question

According to labeling theorists, it is the response to a behavior and not the behavior itself that determines deviance.

answer

true

question

Labeling theory was conceived as a sole explanation for deviance, according to Howard Becker.

answer

false

question

Repeated protests by feminist organizations resulted in changes concerning criminal laws defining rape.

answer

true

question

Crimes committed by women have fallen almost 14 percent since 1993.

answer

false

question

In 2009, psychologist Jerry Burger repeated part of Milgram's authority experiment. The results were significantly different, suggesting a drastic reduction in obedience among participants.

answer

false

question

Sociologist Richard Quinny's view that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful reflects an interactionist perspective on deviance.

answer

false

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