SM Freshman Biology semester 1 Final Exam study guide – Flashcards
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Hypothesis
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possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
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Theory
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well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables, scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations
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Controlled Experiment
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in the experiment only one variable is changed
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Variable
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A factor in the experiment that can be changed
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Homeostasis
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relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organism builds up or breaks down materials
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Metabolism
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The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down material
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Cell specialization
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The process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
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Steps Scientific Method
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1. Observing and Asking Questions 2. Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis 3. Designing Controlled Experiments 4.Collecting and Analyzing Data 5. Drawing Conclusions
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Characteristics of all all living things
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made up of basic units called cells, based on universal genetic code, obtain and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment and change over time
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Catalyst
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`
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Activation energy
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energy needed to get a reaction started
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What 3 subatomic particle make up an atom
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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covalent bond
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A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
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ionic bond
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Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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What numbers are atoms on a PH scale
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0-6 because they have more H+ ions than OH- ions
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What numbers are bases on a PH scale
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8-14 because they have more OH- ions that H+ ions
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Neutral on a Ph scale
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7
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enzyme
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proteins that act as biological catalysts
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How do enzymes work
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They speed up chemical reactions
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Carbohydrates
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compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
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function of carbohydrates
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Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
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lipids
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made from mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
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function of lipids
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lipids can be used to store energy
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nucleic acids
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macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
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Function of nucleic acids
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store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
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proteins
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macromolecules containing nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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functions of proteins
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control the rate of reactions and regulate cell process.
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diffusion
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Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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osmosis
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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hypertonic
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Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. "above strength"
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Hypotonic
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Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution "below strength"
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Isotonic
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Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell "equal"
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Hooke
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first to observe little boxes in cork that he called cells "using a microscope"
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Van leeuvenhoek
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used a microscope to look at pond water
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Schleiden
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all plants are made up of cells
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Schwann
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all animals are made up of cells
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Virchow
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all cells come from other living cells
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3 parts of cell theory
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-the cell is a basic unit of life -all living things are made up of cells -cells come from pre existing cells
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cell membrane
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selectively permeable structure composed of phospoulipid bi-layer that has proteins embedded within it
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Cell wall
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offers support for plant cells and some bacteria and is composed of cellulose
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nucleus
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A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction "control center"
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ribosomes
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where proteins are made
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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lacks ribosomes and transports material throughout the cell (using vesicles)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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has ribosomes and transports proteins
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chloroplasts
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A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
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mitochondria
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An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. double membrane
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Golgi apparatus
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packages materials in vesicles and secretes waste
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chromosome
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contains DNA and genetic material, is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
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vacuole
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Cell organelle that stores materials
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prokaryotic cells
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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles
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eukaryotic cells
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Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.
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be able to label animal and plant cell diagram (look at worksheets from class)
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Passive transport
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the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy
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examples of passive transport
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diffusion and facilitated diffusion
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active transports
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movement of materials against a concentration difference "requires energy"
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examples if active transports
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molecular transport, bulk transport
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cell organization
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cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
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levels of organization in multi-cellular organisms
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tissue, stomach, organ system
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform particular functions
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organ
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group of tissue working together
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organ system
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group of organs working together to perform specific functions
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autotroph
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An organism that makes its own food
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heterotroph
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An organism that cannot make its own food.
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pigment
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light absorbing molecule
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NADP+
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carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons
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know how to draw and label structure of ATP
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equation of Photosynthesis
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6CO2+6H2O---light energy---> C6H12O6+6O2
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equation of photosynthesis in words
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Carbon dioxide + water ? glucose + oxygen
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be able to draw and label a chlorplast including thylakoid, stroma, and granum
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light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis
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Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.
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where in the chloroplast does light-independant reaction occur
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in the stroma
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what are the reactants and products of light-independant
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light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
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use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH
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where in the chloroplast does light-dependent reaction occur
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inner thylakoid membrane
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what are the reactants and products of light-dependant
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aerobic
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requires air
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anaerobic
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does not require air
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equation of cellular respiration
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C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 --yields--> 6CO2+6H2O+ ATP(Energy)
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3 main steps of cellular respiration
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Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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how much ATP is produced in Glycolysis?
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(blank) ATP
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how much ATP is produced in Krebs Cycle?
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(blank) ATP
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how much ATP is produced in Transport Chain?
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(blank) ATP
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the two types of fermentation
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alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation
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cell division
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Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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differentiation
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cells become specialized in a structure
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stem cells
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unspecialized cells that give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
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Diploid
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contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
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Haploid
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contains only 1 set of genes
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gamete
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sex cell
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crossing-over
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homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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2 reasons a cell's growth is limited
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the larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. in addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane .
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Be able to draw and label the parts of the cell cycle
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major events that occur in G1
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cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins
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major events that occur in S phase
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new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated
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major events that occur in G2
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many organelles and molecules required for cell division
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major events that occur in M
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produces 2 daughter cells
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What are the stages of the cell cycle
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G1 phase, S Phase, G2 phase, M phase (Mitosis, Cytokinesis)
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The 4 phases of mitosis in order
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
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what happens in Prophase
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes. the centrioles separate begins to form. the nuclear envelope breaks down
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what happens in metaphase
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chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. each chromosomes is connected to spindle fibers at its centromere
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what happens in anaphase
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the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart
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what happens in telophase
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chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. two knew nuclear envelopes will form
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what happens in cytokinesis
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the cytoplasm pinches in half. each daughter cell has an identical set duplicate chromosomes
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what happens in interphase
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the cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles.
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the 8 phases of meiosis
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prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telopahse II and Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
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Chargaff
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Amount of A = Amount of T Amount of C = Amount of G
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Franklin
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got the 1st picture of a DNA molecule Used X-ray diffraction Took picture of DNA in 1952 Picture gave clues about DNA structure: Strands twisted into helix (like coiled spring) Two strands in DNA Nitrogenous bases in center
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Watson and Crick
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Built 3-D models of DNA Shown Franklin's Photo 51 Led to discovery of double helix shape in
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know the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
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Given AGCGTA
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it would be TCGAT
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Central Dogma
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information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins
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Codon
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Set of 3 bases that code for a particular amino acid
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difference between DNA and RNA
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1. the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. RNA is generally single stranded and not double stranded 3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
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3 types of RNA
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Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transport RNA (tRNA)
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messenger RNA
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carrie instructions for poly peptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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Ribosomal RNA
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froms an important part of both the sub unites of a ribosome
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transport RNA
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carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
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transcription
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segmetes of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules
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where in the cell does transcription occur
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cytoplasm
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translation
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the decoding of a mRNa message into a protein
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where in the cell does translation occur?
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eukaryotic cell, in the nucleus
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genetics
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Scientific study of heredity
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heterozygous
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have two different alleles
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homozygous
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have 2 identical alleles
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allele
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An alternative form of a gene
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dominant
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An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
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recessive
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An allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present
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genotype
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An organism's genetic makeup
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phenotype
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An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
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karyotype
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shows complete diploid set chromosomes grouped in pairs
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sex-linked genes
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a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome
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nondisjunction
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homologous chromosomes don't separate during meiosis
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contributions of Gregor mendel
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founder of modern science of genetics, monk
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Law of Segregation
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gamete formation the alleles for each gene segregate fro each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene
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Law of Independent Assortment
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genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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complete dominance
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incomplete dominance
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codominance
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know monohybrid chart
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know dihybrid cross
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all possible blood genotypes for type A
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IAi, IAIA
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all possible blood genotypes for type B
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IBIB, IBi
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all possible blood genotypes for type O
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ii
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know how do punnett square with blood type
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male genotype (sex chromosome)
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xy
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female genotype (sex chromosome)
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xx
