Skin Hair and Nails – Abnormal Findings – Flashcards
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Hemangioma
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-bright red -raised lesion; 2 to 10 cm -no blanching -present @ birth, or within few mo. of birth -disappears by age 10 -caused by cluster of immature capillaries -any part of the body
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Port-Wine Stain
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-flat, irregularly shaped lesion -pale red to deep purple red -color deepens with emotional response -present @ birth; doesn't fade -caused by large flat mass of blood vessels on skin surface -usually on face/head
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Spider Angioma
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-flat -bright red dot with tiny radiating blood vessels -pinpoint to 2 cm -blanches with pressure -caused by vascular dilatation; elevated estrogen levels; pregnancy; vitamin B deficiency -common in upper half of the body
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Venous Lake
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-flat -blue lesion with radiating, cascading or linear veins from the center -3 to 25 cm -caused by vascular dilatation b/c of IVP -anterior chest, and lower legs
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Petechiae
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-flat -red or purple -rounded "freckles" -1 to 3 mm -do not blanch -caused by minute hemorrhages from fragile capillaries, septicemia, liver disease, vitamin C or K deficiency, anticoagulant therapy -dependent surfaces of the body
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Purpura
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-flat -reddish blue -irregular shape -caused by bleeding disorder, scurvy, capillary fragility in older adult -anywhere on body (most on legs)
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Ecchymosis
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-flat -irregular shaped lesion -no pulsation -does not blanch -bluish purple mark that changes to greenish yellow (light skinned patients) -blue to deep purple (brown skin) -dark area (black skin) -caused by release of blood from superficial vessels into surrounding tissue d/t trauma, hemophilia, liver disease, of vitamin c/k deficiency
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Hematoma
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-raised -irregular shaped lesion elevated from the skin and appears as "swelling" -caused by leakage of blood into the skin and subcutaneous tissue as a result of trauma or sx incision
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Macule and Patch
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-flat, non palpable -macules 1 cm with an irregular border -macules: freckles, measles, petechiae -patches: mongolian spots, port wine stains, vitiligo and chloasma
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Papule and Plaque
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-elevated, solid palpable mass with circumscribed border -papules 0.5 cm -papules: moles, warts, lichen planus -plaques: psoriasis, actinic keratosis, lichen planus
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Nodule and Tumor
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-elevated, solid, hard or soft palpable masses that extend deeper into the dermis -nodules: 0.5 to 2 cm; circumscribed borders -tumors: >2 cm irregular borders -nodules: small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, nevi -tumor: large lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma
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Vesicle and Bulla
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-elevated, fluid filled, round or oval shaped palpable mass with thin translucent walls and circumscribed borders -vesicles 0.5 cm -vesicles: herpes simplex/zoster, chickenpox, poison ivy, small burn blisters -bullae: contact dermatitis, friction blisters, large burn blisters
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Wheal
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-elevated -reddish area with an irregular border -inset bites, hives, PPD test
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Pustule
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-elevated -pus filled vesicle or bulla -circumscribed border -acne, impetigo, carbuncles
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Cyst
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-elevated -encapsulated, fluid filled or semisolid mass -originating in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis ->1cm
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Atrophy
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-translucent, dry, paper-like, wrinkled skin surface -results from thinning or wasting of the skin d/t to loss of collagen and elastin -striae, aged skin
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Erosion
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-wearing away of the superficial epidermis causing a moist, shallow depression -stretch marks, ruptured vesicles
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Lichenification
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rough, thickened, hardened area of epidermis from chronic irritation such as scratching or rubbing -chronic dermatitis
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Scales
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-shedding flakes of greasy, keratinized skin tissue -white, gray or silver -dry skin, dandruff, psoriasis, eczema
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Crust
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-dry blood, serum or pus left on the skin -red-brown, orange or yellow -eczema, impetigo, herpes, scabs
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Ulcer
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-deep -irregularly shaped area of skin loss -extends into the dermis, subcutaneous -may bleed or leave a scar
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Fissure
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-linear crack with sharp edges extending into dermis -cracks @ corner of mouth or in hands/feet
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Scar
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-flat, irregular area of connective tissue left after a lesion or wound has healed -can be red or purple, silver or white -healed sx wound, injury or acne
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Keloid
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-elevated, irregular -darkened area of excess scar tissue caused by excessive collagen formation during healing -extends beyond site of original injury -ear piercing or sx
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Annular
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-lesions with a circular shape -ex: tinea corporis
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Confluent
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-lesions that run together -ex: urticaria
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Discrete
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-lesions that are separate and discrete
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Grouped
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-lesions that appear in clusters -ex: purpural lesions
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Gyrate
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-lesions that are coiled or twisted
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Target
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-lesions with concentric circles of color
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Linear
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-lesions that appear in a line -ex: scratches
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Polycyclic
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-lesions that are circular but united -ex: psoriasis
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Zosteriform
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-lesions that are arranged in a linear manner along a nerve route -ex: herpes zoster
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Tinea
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-fungal infection
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Tinea corporis
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-fungus of the body
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Tinea Capitis
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-fungus of the scalp
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Tinea pedis
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-fungus of the feet
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Measles (Rubeola)
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-highly contagious -viral disease -rash of red to purple macules or papules -rash begins on the face and then progresses over the neck, trunk, arms and legs -tiny white spots that look like grains of salt "Koplik's spot" on the oral mucosa -occurs in children
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German Measles (Rubella)
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-highly contagious -viral disease -begins as a pink, papular rash -pale -begins on the face then spreads to body -accompanied by swollen glands -occurs in children
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Chickenpox (Varicella)
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-mild infectious disease caused by herpes zoster virus -begins as group of small, red, fluid filled vesicles on the trunk and progresses to face, arms and legs -vesicles erupt over several days, forming pustules then crusts -intense itching -occurs in children
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Herpes Simplex
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-viral infection -lesions on lips, oral mucosa, genitalia -progress from vesicles to pustules and then crusts
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Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
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-eruption of dormant herpes zoster virus -clusters of small vesicles form on the skin along the route of sensory nerves -progress to pustules and then crusts -intense pain and itching -usually flank areas -older adults
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Psoriasis
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-thickening of the skin in dry, silvery, scaly patches -overproduction of skin cells -triggered by emotional stress or generally poor health -located on scalp, elbows, knees, lower back and perianal area -autoimmune
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Contact Dermatitis
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-inflammation of the skin d/t an allergy to a substance that comes into contact with the skin -progresses from redness to hives, vesicles or scales -accompanied by intense itching
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Eczema
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-internally provoked inflammation of the skin causing reddened papules and vesicles that ooze, weep and progress to form crusts -scalp, face, elbows, knees, forearms, torso and wrists -intense itching
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Impetigo
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-bacterial skin infection -appears on nose and mouth -common in children -contagious -begins as patch of blisters that break exposing red weeping area beneath -progresses to a tan crust
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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-most common but least malignant type of skin cancer -proliferation of the cells of the stratum basal into the dermis and subcutaneous -shiny papules that develop central ulcers with rounded, pearly edges -occurs in skin areas exposed to the sun
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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-arises from the statum spinosum -begins as a reddened, scaly papule and then forms a shallow ulcer with a clearly delineated, elevated border -scalp, ears, backs of hands, lower lip -caused by exposure to sun -grows rapidly
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Malignant Melanoma
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-least common but most serious type of skin cancer -spread rapidly to lymph and blood vessels -pigmentation from black to brown to blue to red -edges are irregular with notched borders ->6 mm
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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-malignant tumor of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues -soft, blue to purple -painless -may be macular or papular -may resemble keloids or bruises
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Seborrheic Dermatitis
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-found in infants -eczema like yellow-white greasy scales on the scalp, forehead -caused by excess cebum
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Tinea Capitis
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-patchy hair loss on the head with pustules on the skin -contagious fungal disease -transmitted from soil, animals and person to person
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Alopecia Areata
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-sudden loss of hair in a round balding patch on the scalp
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Folliculitis
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-infection of hair follicles -appears as pustules with underlying erythema
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Furuncle/Abscess
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-infected hair folic -hard, erythematous, pus filled lesions -caused by bacteria entering the skin
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Hirsutism
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-excess body hair in females -on face, chest, abdomen, arms, legs -follow male pattern -may be d/t endocrine disorder
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Spoon Nails
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-concavity and thinning of nail -congenital condition -possibly d/t anemia
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Paronchyia
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-infection of the skin adjacent to the nail -caused by bacterial or fungi -area is red, swollen, painful and pus filled
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Beau's Line
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-occurs from trauma or illness affecting nail formation -linear depression @ the base and moves distally -may be d/t coronary occlusion or hypocalcemia
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Splinter Hemorrhage
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-can occurs d/t trauma or endocarditis -reddish brown spots in the nail
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Clubbing
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-nail is convex and wide -nail angle is >160 degrees -d/t chronic respiratory and cardiac conditions
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Onycholysis
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-nail plate loosens from the distal nail and process to the proximal portion -detachment from nail bed
