Skeletal System – Flashcards
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axial skeleton
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skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
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appendicular skeleton
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bones of the limbs and girdles
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functions of the bone
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support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
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things stored by the bones
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fat, calcium, phosphorous
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compact bone
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dense, smooth looking bone
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spongy bone
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bone composed of small, needlelike pieces; lots of space
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diaphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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epiphyses
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ends of long bone
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periosteum
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connective tissue membrane surrounding diaphysis
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epiphyseal line
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in adults; remnant of epiphyseal plate
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epiphyseal plate
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hyaline cartilage in young, growing bone
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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projections/processes
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markings that grow out from the bone surface
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depressions/cavities
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markings that are indentations in the bone
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ossification
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process of bone formation
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ostoblasts
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bone-forming cells
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appositional growth
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diameter bone growth
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PTH
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hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels
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osteoclasts
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bone-destroying cells
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two factors responsible for for bone remodeling
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calcium levels; pull of gravity and muscles
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reduction
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realignment of broken bone ends
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first step of bone fracture repair
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hematoma is formed
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second step of bone fracture repair
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break is splinted by fibrocartilage
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third step of bone fracture repair
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bony callus is formed
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fourth step of bone fracture repair
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bone remodeling occurs
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hyoid bone
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only bone that does not directly come in contact with other bones
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mandible
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only bone with a movable joint in the face
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fontanels
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fibrous membrane connecting cranial bones in fetuses
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articular cartilage
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covers ends of long bones; decreases friction
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collagen fibers
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provides flexibility and strength
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open fracture
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bone fracture that breaks through the skin
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closed fracture
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bone fracture that does not break through the skin
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comminuted fracture
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bone breaks into many fragments
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compression
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bone is crushed
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depressed
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bone is pressed inward
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impacted
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broken bone ends are forced into each other
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spiral
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break that occurs from excessive twisting
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greenstick
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incomplete break
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suture
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immovable joint in the cranium
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sagittal suture
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connects two parietal bones together
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sella turcica
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depression in sphenoid bone that holds pituitary gland
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foramen magnum
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large opening in occipital bone that allows spinal cord to attach to brain
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lacrimal bone
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allows tears to travel down
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zygomatic bone
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cheek bone
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7
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number of bones that make up the cervical vertebrae
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12
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number of bones that make up the thoracic vertebrae
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5
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number of bones that make up the lumbar vertebrae
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invertebral discs
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pads of flexible fibrocartilage that cushion between vertebrae
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vertebral foramen
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canal through which spinal cord passes
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atlas
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C1 bone; allows one to nod
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axis
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C2 bone; allows one to pivot neck
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coccyx
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tailbone
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bones that make up the sternum
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manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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true ribs
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first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
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false ribs
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last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum
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floating ribs
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last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum
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shoulder girdle
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clavicle and scapula
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glenoid cavity
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socket in scapular that receives head of humerus
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factors that allow free movement of upper limb
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shoulder girdle attached at ONLY one point; loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back and forth; shallow glenoid cavity with loose ligaments
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capitulum
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ball-like head of humerus
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interosseous membrane
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flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula
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carpal bones
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bones of the wrist
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metacarpals
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bones of the palm
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pelvic girdle
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two coxal bones (aka hip bones)
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ilia
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large, flaring bone portion of hip bones
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ischium
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most inferior part of hip bone; the "sit down" bone
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pubis
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most anterior part of hip bone
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acetabulum
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point of fusion of ilia, ischium and pubis; receives head of femur
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false pelvis
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superior to true pelvis
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true pelvis
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surrounded by bone and lies inferior to flaring parts of the ilia; passage for infant at birth in women
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femur
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thigh bone
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patellar surface
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smooth area where patella rests to form knee cap
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tibia
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shinbone
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tarsus
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posterior half of foot
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calcaneus
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heelbone
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talus
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ankle
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metatarsals
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sole of the foot
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foot arch
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ligaments and tendons hold bones in foot together providing springiness
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functions of joints
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hold bones together; give mobility
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synarthroses
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immovable joint
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amphiarthroses
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slightly movable joints
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diarthroses
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freely movable joints
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functional classification of joints
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synarthroses; amphiarthroses; diarthroses
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structural classification of joints
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fibrous; cartilaginous; synovial
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fibrous joints
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united by fibrous tissue; i.e. sutures
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cartilaginous joints
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bone ends connected by cartilage; i.e. intervertebral joints
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synovial joints
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bone ends separated by joint cavity w/synovial fluid; i.e knee
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features of synovial joints
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articular cartilage; fibrous articular capsule; joint cavity; reinforcing ligaments
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bursae
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flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid; common where things rub together
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tendon sheath
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elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
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plane joint
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short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals
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hinge joint
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angular movement allowed in one plane; i.e. elbow
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pivot joint
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rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus
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ball and socket joint
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spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; i.e. shoulder
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types of synovial joints
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plane, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket (condyloid and saddle)
