Question 1

The \"self\"as the

Accepted Answer

controller of Behavior

Question 2

We tend to assign causal status

Accepted Answer

to events that immediately precede behavior, and when causal variables are not readily apparent in the immediate, surrounding environment, the tendency to turn to internal causes is strong

Question 3

Hypothetical constructs such as willpower and drive

Accepted Answer

are explanatory fictions that bring us no closer to understanding the behaviors they claim to explain and lead to circular reasoning

Question 4

Skinner (1953) conceptualized self-control as a two response phenomenon

Accepted Answer

The controlling response affects variables in such a way as to change the probability of the other, the controlled response

Question 5

We define self-management as

Accepted Answer

the personal application of behavior change tactics that produce a desired change in behavior.

Question 6

Self-management is a relative concept

Accepted Answer

A behavior program may entail a small degree of self-management or be totally conceived, designed, and implemented by the person

Question 7

Although self-control and self-management appear to be interchangeable in literature

Accepted Answer

we recommended self-management be used in reference to a person acting in some way in order to change his subsequent behavior

Question 8

Self-control implies

Accepted Answer

that the ultimate control of behavior lies within the person, but the causal factors for \"self-control\" are to be found in a person\'s experiences with his environment

Question 9

self-control

Accepted Answer

\"seems to suggest controlling a (separate) self inside or (that there is) a self inside controlling external behavior

Question 10

self-control is also used to refer to a person\'s

Accepted Answer

ability to \"delay gratification\"by responding to achieve a delayed, but larger or higher quality reward instead of acting to obtain an immediate, less valuable reward

Question 11

Four uses of self-management are to

Accepted Answer

>live a more effective and efficient daily life  >break bad habits and acquire good ones  >accomplish difficult task   >achieve personal lifestyle goals

Question 12

Advantages and Benefits of learning and teaching self-management skills include:

Accepted Answer

>self-management can influence behavior not accessible to external change agents  >external agents often miss important instances of behavior  >self-management can promote the generalization and maintenance of behavior change  > a small repertoire of self-management skills can control many behaviors

Question 13

\"\"

Accepted Answer

>People with diverse abilities can learn self-management skills  >Some people perform better under self-selected task and performance criteria  > people with good self-management skills contribute to to more efficient and effective group environments

Question 14

\'\'

Accepted Answer

>teaching students self-management skills provides meaningful practice for other area of the curriculum  >self-management is the ultimate goal of education  >it benefits society  >helps a person feel free  > self-management makes a person feel good

Question 15

Antecedent-based self-management tactics feature the manipulation of events or stimuli antecedent to the target(controlled) behavior, such as the following:

Accepted Answer

>manipulating motivating operations to make a desired (or undesired) behavior more (or less) likely  >providing response prompts  >performing the initital steps of a behavioral change to ensure being confronted later with a discriminative stimulus that will evoke the desired behavior  >removing the materials required for an undesired behavior

Question 16

\'\'

Accepted Answer

>limiting an undesired behavior to restricted stimulus conditions  >dedicating a specific environment for a desired behavior

Question 17

Self-monitoring is a

Accepted Answer

procedure whereby a person observes and responds to, usually by recording, the behavior he is trying to change

Question 18

Originally developed as a method of clinical assessment for collecting data

Accepted Answer

on behavior that only the client could observe, self-monitoring evolved into the most widely used and studied self management strategy b/c it often results in desired behavior change.

Question 19

self-monitoring is often combined with

Accepted Answer

goal setting and self evaluation. A person using self-evaluation compares her performance with a predetermined goal or standard

Question 20

self-monitoring is often part of an intervention that includes

Accepted Answer

reinforcement for meeting either self- or teacher selected goals.

Question 21

It is difficult to determine how self-monitoring works

Accepted Answer

B/c the procedure necessarily includes, and is therefore confounded by, private events(covert verbal behavior), it often includes either explicit or implicit contingencies of reinforcement

Question 22

children can be taught to self-monitor and self record

Accepted Answer

their behavior accurately by means of a faded matching technique, in which the child is rewarded initially for producing data that match the teacher\'s or parents data. Over time the child is required to match the adult\'s record less often, eventually monitoring the behavior independently

Question 23

Accuracy of self-monitoring is neither necessary nor sufficient to achieve improvement

Accepted Answer

in the behavior being monitored

Question 24

Guidelines for self-monitoring

Accepted Answer

>provide materials that make self-monitoring easy  >provide supplementary cues or prompts  >self-monitor the most important dimension of the target  behavior  >self-monitor early and often, but do not interrupt the flow of a desired behavior targeted for increase  >reinforce accurate self-monitoring

Question 25

As a technical term, self-reinforcement (as also, self-punishment) is a misnomer

Accepted Answer

Although behavior can be changed by self-administered consequences, the variables influencing the controlling response make such self-management tactics more than straightforward application of operant reinforcement

Question 26

self-administered contingencies analogous to

Accepted Answer

positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment can be incorporated into self-management programs

Question 27

When designing self-management programs involving self-administered consequences, a person should:

Accepted Answer

>select a small, easy-to-deliver consequences  >set a meaningful but easy-to-meet criterion for reinforcement   > eliminate bootleg reinforcement   > If necessary, put someone else in control of delivery consequences  >use the least complicated and intrusive contingencies that will be effective

Question 28

self-instruction(talking to oneself)

Accepted Answer

can function as controlling responses(verbal mediation) that affect the occurrence of other behaviors

Question 29

Habit reversal

Accepted Answer

clients are taught to self-monitor their unwanted habits and interrupt the behavior chain as early as possible by engaging in behavior incompatible with the problem behavior

Question 30

Systematic desensitization

Accepted Answer

A type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning.

Question 31

Massed practice

Accepted Answer

A self-directed behavior change technique in which the person forces himself to perform an undesired behavior (e.g., a compulsive ritual) repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior.,

Question 32

6 steps in designing and implementing a self-management program:

Accepted Answer

Step 1: specify a goal and define the behavior to be changed  Step 2: begin self-monitoring the behavior  Step 3: Create contingencies that will compete with natural contingencies  Step 4: go public with the commitment to change behavior  Step 5: Get a self-management partner  Step 6: Continually evaluate and redesign the program as needed

Question 33

The most fundamental principle of self management is that

Accepted Answer

behavior changes behavior

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