Science-DNA RNA – Flashcards
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The process that turns genotype to phenotype is
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Protein Synthesis
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Which types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis
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messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
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DNA contains the sugar
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deoxyribose
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RNA contains the sugar
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ribose
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What is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms
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DNA to RNA to protein
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Unlike RNA, DNA contains
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Thymine
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A mutation that involves a nucleotide that is replaced with another is called
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point mutation
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what is the building block of proteins
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deoxyribose
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what type of bonds link nucleotide bases together
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hydrogen
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Protein synthesis involves both
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transcription and translation
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What are the three types of chromosomal mutations
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Inversion, Duplication, Deletion, and Translocation
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Frameshift mutations involve what
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addition and deletion of nucleotides that disrupt codons
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Transcription
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takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into the mRNA
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Translation
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mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins
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Which type of RNA brings the anticodon and amino acid to a ribosome
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tRNA
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What is produced during replication
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DNA molecules
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A mutation that only involves one nucleotide
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Point Mutation
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Which enzyme matches a new base pair to the DNA strand in transcription
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RNA Polymerase
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what forms a base pair with cytosine
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guanine
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How many codons are needed to specify 4 amino acids
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4
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When a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches in reverse
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deletion
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Which scientist made an x-ray diffraction photo of DNA
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Rosalind Franklin
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When a chromosome undergoes a deletion mutation, information is...
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lost
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What mutations do not change the amino acid sequence
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Silent mutation
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Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one codon
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There are 64 different types of amino acids but only 20 codons
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DNA Replication
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the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)
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Antiparallel
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the sides of the DNA ladder run in opposite directions
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Helicase
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Enzyme that unwinds DNA
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DNA Polymerase
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enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleicacid established by Watson and Clark
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only _______ can travel in and out of the nucleus
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mRNA (DNA always stays in the nucleus)
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Protein Synthesis
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1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
2.mRNA moves through ribosome and the proper amino acid is brought by rRNA
3. Each tRNA molecule has 3 unpaired bases. These bases are complementary to one mRNA and bring a specific amino acid to the ribosome
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Genetic Code
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the mRNA instructions
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replication
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process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule
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mRNA
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specifies the amino acid sequence of the protein product of gene expression
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tRNA
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helps decode a messenger sequence into a protein
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rRNA
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binds tRNA and various molecules necessary for protein synthesis
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RNA Polymerase
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enzyme that produces primary tRNA
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Codon
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a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with an amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
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Anticodon
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a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in
messenger RNA.
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Gene
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a region of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product
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Protein
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Genes bonding together to perform a specific function
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Amino Acid
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makes proteins to help the body break down food and other tasks
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Nucleotide
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one of the structural building blocks of DNA and RNA
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Missense Mutation
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a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a specific amino acid
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Nonsense Mutation
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a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon.
