Science Chapter 19 – Flashcards
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How is air pressure exerted on objects?
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Air pressure is the weight of air above. It is exerted in all directions.
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How do changes in air pressure affect the Mercury column in a barometer?
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When air pressure increases, so does the height of the Mercury column.
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Identify the ultimate energy source for wind
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The sun (solar radiation) because the sun heats the Earth unevenly Earth's surface generates pressure differences. Wind is the result of horizontal differences in air pressure.
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Describe how the Coriolis effect influences freely moving objects.
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The air deflects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
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List and explain the factors that affect the wind.
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Pressure gradients, the Coriolis Effect, and Friction affect the wind
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What are pressure gradients
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Wind is created by differences in pressure...air flows from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. A pressure gradient shows pressure changes. A steep pressure gradient ( where isobars are close together) indicate higher winds, a less steep pressure gradient (where isobars are farther apart) indicate slower air movement.
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Describe the Coriolis effect
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The Earth rotates 15° every hour and 360° a day. As a result, in the Northern Hemisphere objects (planes, air, water) deflect to the right in the the Southern Hemisphere objects deflect to the left.
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What is friction
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friction slows air movement, which changes wind direction. Air closer to the surface of earth has less friction over water and more over land. Less friction over the water and move over land.
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Be able to interpret a weather map that shows the distribution of air pressure and wind flags.
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*Look at labs and diagrams in notebook*
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Explain how winds blow around pressure centers in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
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In the Northern Hemisphere cyclone, the air rotates counterclockwise and in the Northern hemisphere anticyclone the air rotates clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere cyclone the air rotates clockwise and in the anticyclone it rotates counterclockwise.
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Given a diagram of earth, be able to label the the global winds, the direction that they move, and pressure belts.
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*Look at labs and diagrams in notebook*
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Describe how friction controls the net flow of air around a cyclone and an anticyclone
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Friction causes a net flow of air inward in a cyclone and flows and outward in an anticyclone.
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Explain how the unequal heating of Earth's surface affects the atmosphere.
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The atmosphere balances unequal heating of Earth's surface by transferring heat - moving warm air toward high latitudes and cool air toward the equator.
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Identify the causes of local winds.
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1. Topographic effects (differences in elevation)
2. Variations in surface composition (land and water)
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Be able to interpret diagrams that illustrate local winds.
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Look at diagram we made in Help
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Describe the general movement of weather in the United States.
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West to East
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Describe El Niño and La Nina
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La Niña- Researchers have come to recognize that when surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are colder than average, a La Niña event is triggered that has s distinctive set of weather patterns.
El Niño- At irregular intervals of three to seven years, these warm countercurrents become unusually strong and replace normally cold offshore currents with warm equatorial waters.
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The effect of friction on the net flow of air around cyclones is that it causes air to flow
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Inward in either hemisphere
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The pressure differences that make wind happen are caused when
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Water vapor in the air rises then fallsther
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Because of the Coriolis effect wind in the northern hemisphere
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Is deflected to the right
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On a weather map, what do isobars placed further apart indecate
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A week pressure gradient and weak winds
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Pressure increases from the outer isobars toward the center
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Anticyclones
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In the Southern Hemisphere, pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect applied low pressure centers produce winds that blow
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Inward and clockwise
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The atmosphere balances the unequal heating of earth's surface by moving
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Cool air toward the equator and warm air towards the poles
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What air centers of low pressure called
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Cyclones
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Variation in air pressure from place to place are the principle cause of
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Wind
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A sea breeze is most intense
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During mid-late afternokn
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Local winds are either caused by topographic effects or by variations in
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Temperatures
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The force exerted by the air above is
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Air pressure
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List the four local winds
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Sea breeze, land breeze, valley breeze, mountain breeze
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How are the winds named
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By the direction they are coming from
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What three factors combine to influence the wind?
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Pressure gradients, the Coriolis effect, and frictioj
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If a low pressure center converges at the surface and then rises, what happens in the troposphere
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Diverging
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In the U.S. The westerlies consistently move weather from west to east across the continent- true of false?
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True
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As the space between the isobars decreases the wind speed
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Decreases or weakems
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What are high velocity high altitude winds called
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Jet streams
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The _______ describes how earth's rotation affects moving objects
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Coriolis effect
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What pressure belt would you find at the equator
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Equatorial low
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When air pressure increases, the Mercury in the barometric tube
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Increases
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Low pressure systems are usually associated with
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Bad weather
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What causes wind to move?
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Air moving from high pressure to low pressure
