SCI 2020 HW 11 – Flashcards

(Lactose Intolerance) Part A: Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part B: Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part C: How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part D: When should a lactase supplement be taken in order to be most effective, and why?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part E: In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part F: Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population?

(Lactose Intolerance) Part G: Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?

(Three Modes) Part A: In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat, which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

(Three Modes) Part B: Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

(Antibiotics Use) Part A: You are a cattle rancher and will abide by the new legislation. Which of the following will you be allowed to do?

(Antibiotics Use) Part B: What does the FDA think drug companies will do regarding voluntary label changes on antibiotics for livestock?

(Antibiotics Use) Part C: Which of the following people is most likely to be against the new antibiotics legislation?

(Antibiotics Use) Part D: Which of the following prompted the passing of the new legislation regarding antibiotic use in livestock?

(Antibiotics Use) Part E: Which of the following is true?

(Human Family Tree) Part A: Which of the following specimens discovered in 1972 ignited the debate about multiple lineages within the genus Homo?

(Human Family Tree) Part B: You are a researcher working closely with the Leakey family, studying the newly discovered fossils to determine their place in the human lineage. Which of the following are you?

(Human Family Tree) Part C: You discover the skull of a species very similar to 1470. Which of the following two species is it most like?

(Human Family Tree) Part D: Which of the following is the closest relative to Homo sapiens?

(Human Family Tree) Part E: Which of the following do most biologists currently think is true?

(An Evolving Enemy) Part A: In natural selection, what changes in a population over time?

(An Evolving Enemy) Part B: What do alleles give rise to in a population?

(An Evolving Enemy) Part C: You can observe that at least some traits pass from parent to offspring.

(An Evolving Enemy) Part D: You can observe that members of a biological population differ from one another.

(An Evolving Enemy) Part E: With proper care, all the offspring in a generation will survive

(An Evolving Enemy) Part F: Which of the following is the best definition of adaptation?

(An Evolving Enemy) Part G: In any population, the odds of surviving are due to chance.

(An Evolving Enemy) Part H: Your aunt's garden has a mix of native plants. Of the yellow coneflowers growing this year, some have shallow roots that extend only 4 or 5 inches below the surface. Others have roots that extend 10 to 12 inches below the surface. Severe drought, that is, lack of precipitation, afflicts your aunt's region for 6 months. Now, based on common knowledge and your understanding of natural selection, which kind of yellow coneflower will there be more of next year in your aunt's garden?

(Sickle Cell) Part A: Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.

(Sickle Cell) Part B: In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize?

(Sickle Cell) Part C: How did Dr. Allison test his hypothesis that sickle cell disease was connected to malaria?

(Sickle Cell) Part D: If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?

(Sickle Cell) Part E: In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies?

(Sickle Cell) Part F: How does Dr. Allison's work provide an example of natural selection in humans?

(Sickle Cell) Part G: Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated.

(Natural Selection) Part A: On average, how much larger was bill depth in this population in 1978 compared to 1976?

(Natural Selection) Part B: Which of the following statements are supported by the data in this graph?

(Drug Resistance) Part A: Has evolution by natural selection recently occurred in the worldwide populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

(Drug Resistance) Part B: Which of the following statements describes the adaptation that Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria have evolved in response to their new environment?

(Drug Resistance) Part C: In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for the corn borer to evolve resistance to the toxic protein?

(New Antibiotic) Part A: If teixobactin works in humans as it did in mice, which of the following will be true?

(New Antibiotic) Part B: You are part of a team of doctors doing a Phase 2 study of teixobactin on humans. Assuming protocol had not changed since the mice study, how are you administering the drug?

(New Antibiotic) Part C: Which of the following is true?

(New Antibiotic) Part D: If teixobactin remains unchanged and works in humans as in mice, which of the following individuals would be most likely to receive it?

(New Antibiotic) Part E: You are a microbiologist working for the drug company GlaxoSmithKline. You discover a potential new antibiotic that works in the same fashion as teixobactin. How does it work?

(Bacteria Evolve) Part A: Which of the following is necessary for a new protein to be produced in a cell?

(Bacteria Evolve) Part B: You are a bacteriologist studying reproduction. Why is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a good choice for your research?

(Bacteria Evolve) Part C: What controls genes?

(Bacteria Evolve) Part D: What was the advantage for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to have many tails?

(Bacteria Evolve) Part E: You are an epidemiologist working to stop fast moving bacterial infection in which bacteria behave in nature like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Which of the following would be the best for you to figure out?