Schutt ch. 7 – Flashcards
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true experiment
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experiments in which subjects are assigned randomly to an experimental group that receives a treatment or other manipulation of the independent variable and a comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives some other manipulation in a posttest.
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation
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comparison group
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in an experiment, a group that has been exposed to a different treatment or value of the independent variable than the experiment group
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control group
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a comparison group that receives no treatment
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posttest
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in experimental research, the measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable after an experimental intervention or after a presumed independent variable has changed for some other reason
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pretest
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in experimental research, the measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable prior to an experimental intervention or change in a presumed independent variable for some other reason. The pretest is exactly the same as the posttest
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randomized comparative change design
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the classic true experimental design in which subjects are assigned randomly to two groups; both these groups receive a pretest, or group then receives the experimental intervention, then both groups receive the posttest
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matching
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a procedure for equating the characteristics of individuals in different comparison groups in an experiment.
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field experiment
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a study conducted in a real world setting
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quasi-experimental design
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a research design in which there is a comparison group that is comparable to the experimental group in critical ways, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the comparison and experimental groups
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nonequivalent control group design
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a quasi experimental design in which there are experimental and comparison groups that are designated before the treatment occurs, but they are not created by random assignment
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before and after design
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a quasi experimental design consisting of several before and after comparisons involving the same va, variables but different groups
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multiple step before and after design
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a type of quasi experimental design in which several before and after comparisons are made, involving the same independent and dependent variables but different groups
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repeated measures panel design
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a quasi experimental design consisting of many pretest and posttest observations of the same group
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time series design
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a-quasi experimental design consisting of many pretest and posttest observations of the same group
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ex post facto control group
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a nonexperimental design in which comparison groups are selected after the treatment, program, or other variation in the independent variable has occurred
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treatment misidentification
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a problem that occurs in an experiment when the treatment itself is not what causes the outcome, but rather the outcome is caused by some intervening process that the researcher has not identified or is not aware of
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selection bias
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a source of internal (causal) invalidity that occurs when characteristics of experimental and comparison group subjects differ in any way that influences the outcome
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differential attrition
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a problem that occurs in experiments when comparison groups become different because subjects are more likely to drop out of one of the groups for various reasons.
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endogenous change
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a source of causal invalidity that occurs when natural developments or changes in the subjects account for some or all of the observed change from pretest to posttest
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regression effect
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a source of causal invalidity that occurs when subjects who are chosen for a study because of their extreme scores on the dependent variable become less extreme on the posttest due to natural, cyclical or episodic changes in the variable
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external events
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a source of causal invalidity that occurs when events external to the study influence posttest scores. Also called an effect of history
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history effect
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a source of causal invalidity that occurs when something other than the treatment influences outcome scores; also called an effect of external events
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contamination
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a source of causal invalidity that occurs when either the experimental group is aware of the other group and is influenced in the posttest as a result
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compensatory rivalry (John Henry effect)
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a type of contamination in experimental and quasi experimental designs that occurs when control group members are aware that they are being denied some advantages and increase their efforts by way of comparison
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demoralization
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a type of contamination in experimental and quasi experimental designs that occurs when control group members feel that they have been left out of some valuable treatment and perform worse as a result
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expectations of experimental staff
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a source of treatment misidentification in experiments and quasi-experiments that occurs when change among experimental subjects is due to the positive expectations of staff who are delivering the treatment rather than to the treatment itself; also called self-fulfilling prophecy
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double blind procedure
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an experimental method in which neither the subjects nor the staff delivering the treatment know which subjects are getting the treatment/ placebo
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placebo effect
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a source of treatment misidentification that can occur when subjects receive a treatment they consider beneficial and improve because of that expectation rather than because of the treatment itself
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hawthorne effect
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a type of contamination in experimental and quasi experimental designs that occurs when members of the treatment group change in terms of the dependent variable because their participation in the study makes them feel special
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factorial survey
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a survey in which randomly selected subsets of respondents are asked different questions or are asked to respond to different vignettes in order to determine the casual effect of the variables represented by these differences
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solomon four group design
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a type of experimental design that combines a randomized posttest and pretest design, resulting in two experimental groups and two comparison groups
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distribution of benefits
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an ethical issue about how much researchers can influence the benefits subjects receive as part of the treatment being studied in a field experiment.
