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Steppe

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Sparse, dry, treeless grassland

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Kiev

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Capitol of mediaeval Russia and of present day Ukraine

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Cyrillic

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Relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages

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Ivan the Great

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Formerly known as Ivan III, he ruled from 1462-1505 and recovered much land that Russia had lost

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Tsar

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Title of the ruler of the Russian empire

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Ivan the Terrible

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Ivan the IV, grandson of Ivan the great. He was a harsh ruler who was crowned tsar at age 17. Prone to violence, he often killed people who he considered disloyal and left the land seething with rebellion after he died

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Golden Horde

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The Mongol armies that invaded Europe in 1237 and ruled Russia for over 2 centuries

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How did geography affect Russian settlement and Growth?

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With Kiev as the center of the state, its growth came from a mixing of the Vikings and Slavs

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Why did Kiev become an important city?

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It became the Capitol and it brought together a group of people before it was burned down

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Describe mongol rule of Russia?

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Mongols set a model for Russian rulers. A lot of power went to the princes who were looking for absolute power. It also set them apart from Western Europe

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How did geography and the migrations of different peoples influence the rise of russia?

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The rise of Russia first started when the Vikings came. Their prince, Rurik gave Russia the capitol of Kiev after the Rus started growing. The Mongols destroyed the capitol of Kiev and other areas, but still let Russian princes rule. While the Mongols were still in control, Moscow had become important because of trades and tributes. Soon, it became the new capitol. Ivan the Great got land back from Lithuania. By the time Ivan the Terrible came to rule, they were under more Byzantine influence and decreasing power of the boyars

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How did Russia's geography affect its early history?

answer

They had three zones, which were very different. From the northern area which gave them lumber to what is now present day Ukraine and the grasslands of the south

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How important was Byzantine influence on Russia?

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Byzantine influence has been very important on Russia since the beginning. After the fall of Rome, they turned to them rather than Western Europe. Eventually, Ivan the Great married into Byzantine family and adopted much of their culture

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How did Mongol rule influence Russia's economy and political structure?

answer

After the Mongols burned much of their land, Russia was still able to have some control. They still had princes that ruled and tolerated their Orthodox church

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Autocratic

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Having unlimited power

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Boyar

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Landowning noble in Russia under the tsars

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How did government and the economy under Lenin differ from "pure" communism?

answer

Lenin's form of government still gave people the right to vote on political issues through the newly developed Soviet Union. It also had a New Economic Plan. This allowed privately owned businesses to make money and for peasants to still keep some of their crops. Lenin still thought this was just a detour from real communism

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Use your completed timeline to answer the Focus Question: How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia?

answer

Each revolution brought more power to the Communist. Russians were losing trust in their Tsar after peasants started starving and his only concern being on war. Once the Tsar stepped down it gave Lenin the chance to grow his party. Through their ideas of blending works and peasants they defeated the White army and became the Soviet Union

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What were the causes of the March revolution?

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The economy was terrible, people were starving, and even the army did not want to shoot for the Tsar

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How did Lenin adapt Marxism to conditions in Russia?

answer

Lenin wanted a working class that would eventually take over the government. However, the working class was not strong enough in Russia for this plan to work at the time. So instead, he wanted a group of Socialists who would lead the working class so they could get to this point. However, with his rising power Lenin's conditions went from having a working class that had to give everything to the Soviet Union under their communist control until the New Economic Plan came around

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What were the causes and effects of the civil war in Russia?

answer

First, the government after the Tsar stepped down was much disorganized. The socialists wanted to spread their ideas and control Russia. They turned to the working class and peasants for support. This made it easy for the Red army to win the civil war and take over Russia which led to a strong Communist party under Lenin

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Why did Lenin compromise between the ideas of capitalism and communism in creating the NEP?

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Lenin wanted to make a greater economy for Russia through the working class. This new policy allowed for that and took the nation's economy back to the way it was before the war and made for happier Russian citizens

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Command Economy

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System in which government officials make all basic economic decisions

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Collectives

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Large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group

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Kulaks

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Wealthy peasant in the Soviet Union in the 1930s

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Gulag

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In the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

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Socialist Realism

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Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

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Russification

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Making a nationality's culture more ethnically Russian

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Atheism

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Belief that there is no god

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Comintern

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Communist international, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution

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How did Stalin take control of the Soviet Union's economic life?

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Stalin used the government to control the economy. Using their system, he took over business and distribution as well as other aspects of their command economy.

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In what ways did Stalin's terror tactics harm the Soviet Union?

answer

By terrorizing his own people, Stalin hurt his nation. He violated their privacy and frightened them with his violent attacks by police and other forces. These tactics may have increased his power but they killed many people and hurt the country

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How did Stalin use censorship and propaganda to support his rule?

answer

Using new media such as movies and radio, Stalin marketed himself using propaganda. It was also a way to show people the evils of capitalism. While his censorship was used so that no one would speak badly of him. Many authors and other writers were forbidden to write stories against Stalin if they were negative despite the work they put into them

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How did Communist schools benefit the state and the Communist party?

answer

When attending school under Communist rule, the state was able to build more housing plans for people even though most families were still living in harsh conditions. It also made the Communist party look better by providing citizens with new activities and opportunities

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How did the Soviet Union's foreign policy goals contradict one another?

answer

The Soviet's still wanted Marx and Lenin's ideal revolution while they still wanted other countries support for security purposes

question

How did Stalin turn the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state?

answer

First, he took over the nation's economy with his Five Year Plan. His bureaucracy had control in the new totalitarian state

question

What were the goals and results of Stalin's Five Year Plan? How did the effects differ between industry and agriculture?

answer

Stalin wanted improve things like industry, and farm output. To help make for heavy industry he provided those who did well with bonuses and punished those who didn't. Even though industry rose, the standard of living wasn't good. Stalin wanted workers in the city to have food from farmers so he pushed agriculture. He moved peasants to collectives which caused problems. Many peasants revolted against Stalin because of this

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How did the economy under Stalin differ from a capitalist economy?

answer

In his command economy, Stalin's government had control over all basic economic decisions while the market is in control of the capitalist system

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What methods did Stalin use to create a totalitarian state?

answer

Stalin used terror tactics to achieve many goals in his totalitarian state. He also used his government to control many aspects of the nation

question

One historian has said that socialist realism was "Communism with a smiling face" what do you think he meant?

answer

I think he meant that Social Realism was just a form of propaganda. The Soviets used this method to promote Communism by showing the positive aspects of their party

question

Compare life under Stalin's rule with life under Russian tsars.

answer

Life under Stalin was similar to rule under Russian tsars because he had total control and used terror tactics on his people

question

Superpowers

answer

A nation stronger than other powerful nations

question

Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM)

answer

Missiles that can shoot down other missiles

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Ronald Reagan

answer

United States President during the 1980s that launched a program to build a "Star Wars" missile defense against nuclear attack

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Détente

answer

The relaxation of the Cold War tensions during the 1970s

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Fidel Castro

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Organized an armed rebellion against the corrupt dictator who ruled Cuba

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John F. Kennedy

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United states president who supported an invasion attempt by US trained Cuban exiles

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Ideology

answer

System of thought and belief

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Nikita Khrushchev

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Became Soviet's leader after the death of Stalin

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Leonid Brezhnev

answer

Khrushchev's successor who until 1982

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Containment

answer

The US strategy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing its further expansion

question

How was Europe divided, and what were three consequences of its division?

answer

Europe was divided by NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Western Europe supported NATO and was democratic while the East was led by the Soviet Union's communist party by the Warsaw Pact. This division led to the split of Germany with its East and West. Many citizens became unhappy with conditions in East Germany and tried to flee to the west. This led to a wall being put up by to keep citizens under communist rule. Also, there were many revolts in Eastern countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. All of which led to the Soviet's interference and attacks. The Soviet's were so determined to grow Communism that they assaulted Hungary and executed their leader after he threatened to pull his country out of the Warsaw Pact

question

What factors discouraged the use of nuclear weapons

answer

Fear of nuclear annihilation was a fear from both sides. They were both looking to halt each other's progression of the bombs. Through disbarment talks and treaties, they were able to get to a point where they could both live in a relaxed state until 1979. In other countries the NPT stop the spread of nuclear war

question

How did the US and the Soviet Union confront each other around the world during the Cold War?

answer

Both superpowers formed alliances with other nations to confront each other. The United States put bases all over the world and signed treaty organizations such as SEATO and CENTO while the Soviets aligned with African and Asian nations

question

How did the Soviet Government handle critics of its policies?

answer

Brezhnev punished and imprisoned critics. They silenced a scientist who spoke out and arrested a man just for criticizing Stalin in a letter and was eventually executed. This resistance still continued because of these men who spoke out

question

How did America respond to the threat of communism at home and overseas?

answer

In the United States, many feared nuclear attack and prepared for an invasion at home and at schools. Also, McCarthyism came about and many people were accused of being Communist. To prevent the spread of communism they used containment and supported counties that were facing rebellion from the Soviets

question

What were the military and political consequences of the Cold War in the Soviet Union, Europe, and the United States?

answer

When the United States set up bases all over globe, the Soviets suffered the consequences. European troops were harmed as well when the Soviets interfered in Germany, Poland, Hungary, and other nation's rebellions. Then, at the Bay of Pigs Invasion, United States invaders were captured by the Cubans

question

What kinds of conflicts resulted from the global confrontation between the two superpowers?

answer

Even after forming alliances with African and Asian nations, they still wanted independence from the Soviets. The United States also had conflicts with Cuba with ended in a trade embargo that still exists today

question

How did the buildup of nuclear weapons discourage their use?

answer

Both countries developing the weapons feared destruction of their own nations with the new technology. After the buildup of these weapons, many treaties were signed limiting their use as well as other countries agreeing to not continue making them at all

question

Identify similarities and differences between the Soviet Union and the United states during the Cold War?

answer

Both of these countries used allied nations to confront each other. However, the United States aligned themselves with more democratic nations and set up bases globally and tried to contain the spread of Communism while the Soviets were still struggling with their own party as well as expanding communism to other nations

question

European Union

answer

An international organization made up of over two dozen European nations, with a common currency and common policies and laws

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Euro

answer

Common currency used by member nations of the European Union

question

Default

answer

To make payments

question

Vladimir Putin

answer

Elected president in Russia's second free election

question

Surplus

answer

An amount that is more than needed, excess

question

Deficit

answer

Gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources

question

Pacific Rim

answer

Vast region of nations, including counties in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Americas, that border the Pacific Ocean

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What challenges has Germany faced since reunification?

answer

Germany struggled with its economy and infrastructure after its reunification because they were not up to modern standards as well as the rise of unemployment when Communist factories began closing. Soon, social groups like the Neo-Nazis formed and blamed foreigners for the challenges they faced

question

How did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect the United States?

answer

After the Soviet Union collapsed, the United States became the world's only superpower. George H.W. Bush started the Persian Gulf War. Then, Bill Clinton began operations to keep peace in Haiti and Yugoslavia. However, George W. Bush sent us back to war with the Middle East in the 2000s. From the 1990s through the 2000s the American economy went up and down which eventually led to a deficit from the economy and military expenses

question

What are the Asian tigers?

answer

Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea were the four Asian Tigers. They had all quickly developed themselves during the 1980s, had Chinese influence, and focused heavily on education as a way to make workers more productive. Together, they focused on things like textiles, and exporting expensive goods for developed nations. Workers made many sacrifices for their success.

question

How did the end of the Cold War affect industrialized nations and regions around the world?

answer

Many European nations grew and joined the European Union while places like Germany and Russia went through hard times with new leadership. However, the United States became the only superpower and used this influence to try and keep peace among nations while maintaining its own economy

question

How did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect organizations such as NATO and the EU?

answer

Many nations under Soviet Control were able to join organizations like the NATO after its collapse. Some Western European counties joined the EU as a way to compete with other economic superpowers

question

Do you think an American investor would choose to invest large sums of money in Russia? Why or why not?

answer

The political climate as well as the current Russian economy would probably not make for the best investment so I would say that they wouldn't

question

Why is the Pacific Rim seen as an important link in the global economy?

answer

Trade in the Pacific Rim makes it such an important link. Since it has an even greater link than across the Atlantic it is predicted to have even further growth over the years

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