Research in Occupational Therapy exam 2 – Flashcards
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-inform practice decisions -guide therapeutic processes -provide relevant info about how to interpret outcomes of service
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Evidence from research (Professional responsibility)
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what to do, with whom, when, why and how best to do it
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Using research evidence in clinical decisions
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1- Research producers 2-Research collaborator 3-Research consumer 4-Research advocate
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Research roles
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- Can be academics, practitioners, researchers and students who actively engage in research in a university, clinical & community setting; these are people who have high levels of research expertise; they lead, develop, bring resources together, generate papers, conference presentations, books, & sometimes multimedia & creative works.
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Research Producer
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working knowledge of research is required; most common research involvement by therapists in clinical settings Examples include: subjects/participants, referring and screening,collecting data, implementing services, advisory board, negotiate politics, identifying a research question and interpreting results
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Research Collaborator
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are considered therapists who utilize research in practice- all therapists should consume, use and apply research evidence to inform practice
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Research Consumer
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- Some therapists support research by finding knowledge gaps, generating relevant questions, identifying research priorities & lobbying professional leaders to "do something" to help therapists working on practice problems. Provides momentum and support by lobbying, encouragement, praise and recognition.
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Research Advocate
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part of 'social self'. Role taking is the process of identifying, reflecting on and constructing a research role.
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Research Role development
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-Sparked by event w/ lack of therapeutic evidence -Needing to develop and justify new services -Becoming more credible -Influence on important issues in OT -Sense of obligation to contribute (professional identity) -Strategic response to opportunities
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OT's research standpoint
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- A research standpoint is the beginning; then therapists need to identify, reflect on, & construct research roles that suit them & their work/life context.
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research roles
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-Exposure to role models and role alternatives -Opportunities to reflect on and try out role behaviors -Opportunities to get feedback -Opportunities to evaluate new standpoints and experiences
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strategies for research roles
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-attending colloquia by visiting speakers -joining journal clubs -attend professional association meetings -field work placement where research is taking place -volunteer to participate in research project -employed as research assistant
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1)Exposure to role models and role alternatives by
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Takes advantage of whats out there. Describes something. It simply describes an event, survey, correlation study, or case study. Research that often takes advantage of naturally occurring events
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Descriptive research
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-generate new insights through inductive processes -exploratory purposes -to indicate norms, trends and needs -is component of all research, used to characterize all subjects and other circumstances of research
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Why do descriptive research designs?
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1-Univariate 2-Correlational
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2 types of descriptive research
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research in which data is collected on a single variable or a series of single variables and then characterized with descriptive statistics
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Univariate
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1-Characterize the sample or circumstances that make up study 2-Characterize a phenomenon or problem (ie functional aspects of a disability) 3-Documents incidence and prevalence of health related conditions 4-Establishing norms (atypical behavior) helps gauge severity of performance problems 5-Document developmental phenomena or developmental progress ***Developmental Research*** patterns of growth and change 6-Document case studies(ie new interventions)
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Univariate descriptive studies are used to
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number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific period of time divided by Total person-time
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Incidence rate
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The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time divided by total population
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Prevalence
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research in which 2 or more variables are examined, usually in attempt to find relationship between the variables. Is it positive or negative?
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Correlational
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A research study that uses a survey to obtain a description of a particular group of individuals
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Survey research design
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is a method of inquiry characterized by collecting data using structured questions to elicit self reported info from a sample of people
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survey research
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-Identifying the population of interest -Identifying research aims and generating questions to systematically gather the necessary info -developing statistical estimates to be generalized to population under study
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Key dimensions of surveys
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Versatile/efficient, easy to record, easy to administer, accommodates large samples, generalizable, facilitates advanced statistical analysis
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Advantages of survey research
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1-potential non response bias 2- potential response bias REASONS:a. unable to recall info accurately b.interpreting meaning of question differently than intended c. responses that don't accurately express respondents experiences or opinions
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Factors that influence rigor
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Advantage: low costs, interviewer bias isn't factor and respondent anonymity may be better preserved Disadvantage: response lower, any confusion about questions can't be verified and requires literacy skills
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Questionnaires as data gathering method
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advantages: can be completed at respondents convenience and no time constraints disadvantages: time consuming and many follow ups may be required
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Mailed questionnaires
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Advantages: takes less time and no mailing costs Disadvantages: limits sampling strategies and less flexible in time frame
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Directly administered questionnaires
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Advantages: fast, web-based, incorporate features that paper cannot and data can be directly imported for analysis Disadvantages: only people w/ computers and computer skills can be contacted and raises concerns over privacy and anonymity
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Online questionnaire
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Advantages: potentially short data collection period, costs less, perceived anonymity and easier to sample large geographical area Disadvantages: less interviewer control, can't support questions w visual aids, only people w telephones can be contacted and established credibility more limited
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Telephone Interviews
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Advantages: ideal for contacting hard to reach populations, reduces and eliminates missing data Disadvantages: cost of travel, longer data collection period, interviewer bias and safety and lack of respondent anonymity
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Face-to-face
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1-Defining and clarifying the survey variables 2- Formulating questions 3-Formatting the schedule 4-Piloting and revising of questionnaire/interview schedule
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Steps in formulating questionnaire/interview
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-review of literature or interacting with target pop. to gain understanding of issues to be studied -each variable should be defined both conceptually and operationally
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Defining and clarifying the survey variables
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-should be obvious in meaning -ask things the respondent can be expected to know -be clear and concise, user friendly, lengthy sentences confuse
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Formulate questions
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asks for narrative information; unbiased, leaves the person free to answer in any way; states the topic to be discussed, but only in general terms, may be challenging to categorize for analysis
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Open-ended questions
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Survey questions in which the respondent is asked to select an answer from among a list provided by the researcher. These are popular in survey research because they provide a greater uniformity of responses and are more easily processed than open-ended questions.
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Closed-ended questions
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Clear and as easy as possible. Formatting that ensues ease of use and accuracy of response
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Formatting the questionnaire
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Starting with a few easy questions that have relevance to topic then questions about beliefs, behaviors and attitudes. Topically related items clustered together. Demographic questions at the end
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Sequencing questions
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Investigators can gather data to evaluate the intended survey instruments
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Piloting the questionnaire
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1-Focus groups- used in initial planning to help define key study 2-Field pre=testing- provide critical info on practical aspects of survey tool 3-Debriefing interview- ask questions, let respondents answer and then ask them what was going through mind during process
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3 most common ways of gathering pilot data
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1-Sampling 2-Response rates 3-How survey is carried out
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Implementing survey study- key factors that influence rigor
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used to make estimates of the target populations characteristics
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Sampling
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is an important mechanism for assessing the potential for non response bias. Response rate is calculated by number of sample members who completed questionnaire divided by number of sample members eligible to participate
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Response Rate
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All forms of survey need appropriate follow up procedures to maximize response rates. Cover letters are critical to response rates of mailed surveys
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Carrying out the survey
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In statistical software codes must be assigned to all answers, a code book must be developed. Quality control procedures include having trained coders, independently checking each coders work and coders should write notes on codes they arent sure of so they can be checked by supervisor
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Preparing for data analysis
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created vast information system that one can easily get lost in and fail to get the info needed
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Info and communications technology
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is the ability to articulate information needs and subsequently locate, retrieve and critically evaluate information for its intended use
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Information literacy
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-problem solving -planning research -personal knowledge development
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OTs need info for what purposes
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very specific, closed-ended search process
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Ready reference
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Ongoing info seeking process. Use a querying method to transform abstract topic concepts into text search queries. PubMED and Google
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Subject searching
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Structured approach- pre-planned organization of a list of topics Serendipitous approach- a non linear path to information
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Browsing
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Involves text phrase matching or key word matching
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Querying
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-online public access catalogs (OPACs)tend to be close-ended -Bibliographic citation databases -The world wide web
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Online access to published information
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peer reviewed process usually for OTs or another process that ensures accuracy, originality, rigor
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Bibliographic citation databases
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Medline, CINAHL ,Cochrane Database of Systematic REviews, National Library of Medicine
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name Bibliographic citation databases
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Medline-free search using Nat'l Library of Medicine and PubMED journals and magazines from 1966- present CINAHL- field of allied health The Cochrane Library Databases- systematic reviews health care interventions- benefits to OT practice-resource to guide evidence based research OT Search-subscription only Gray Literature- abstracts of conference papers, dissertations, unpublished theses and unpublished reports
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Information resources relevant to OT
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Most important step in research process that directs the course of study. It is a statement of the specific knowledge that is being sought in study.
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The research question is
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is a gap in current knowledge within a specific topic area. It provides groundwork for defining specific research questions that will generate knowledge to close gap.
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Research problems
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Describes what the study will accomplish and what will be the value of the study.It needs to be concise and precise.
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Research purpose
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States the expected results of quantitative studies. Hypothesis is stated when the analysis will involved inferential statistics or when the study is comparing a dependent variable across 2 or more groups
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Research hypothesis
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specific strategies that the investigator will use to answer the research question or questions that will guide the research
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Research design and methods
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quantitative- measurable qualitative-experience and opinion
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1st - Will study be quantitative or qualitative?
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-mailed survey -participant observational study of a specific setting -a single subject design replicated across 3 clients -a series of focus groups in a type of setting -an experimental study with independent variables(IV)
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2nd - Research designs
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During these steps, as new insights are gained, revisions to question, method and designs may be necessary. Its not unusual to work back and forth between these tasks.
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3rd - Select data collection instrument, determine sample size, plan the specific analysis, how it will be done and determine logistics(timing, costs, space and equipment)
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1-Clinical experience 2-Occupational therapy theory 3-Professional organizations and grant funding resources 4-Literature review
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Uncovering research problem and question
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-Is assessment reliable or valid? Is treatment or modality effective? What accounts for different treatment outcomes within a defined population? Are there ways to improve the treatment outcome for a particular group?
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Clinical experience
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Used to guide studies that test occupational theories
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Occupational therapy theory
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Organizations may develop long and short research goals. Funding agencies generate requests for proposals on certain research problems they would like to see addressed.
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Professional organizations and grant funding resources
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Key to developing any research question
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Literature review
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-important? Answerable? Feasible based on skill, background, time, memory, participants? Adequate support from mentors, collaborators and institutions involved? Able to be completed? Satisfying process for those involved?
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Developing criteria to help clarify what question, method and disign
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- An observational research design in which the investigator studies an intact group or groups over time; -Integrates the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time-lag designs within one study. -Advantage of Cohort Design is it eliminates effect of sample bias on observed changes -Disadvantage they are subject to the influence of historical events unrelated to the course of development.
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Developmental Research in Ch 6 Cohort design
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A research design in which investigators compare groups of subjects of differing age who are observed at a single point in time.
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Cross sectional design
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People of the same age are affected by factors unique to their generation, leading to difference in performance between generations.
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Cohort effect
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systematic reviews of randomized trials w/ narrow confidence levels (summary) 99% Systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
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Evidence-based practice Level 1
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a -Evidence from at least one well-designed RCT b- Evidence from a well-designed controlled trial without randomization (low quality, Cohort studies) 80% follow up
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Level 2
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a-Evidence from well-designed case-control and cohort studies. b. Evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
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Level 3
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Evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study (poor quality)
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Level 4
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Evidence from the opinion of authorities and / or reports of expert committees
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Level 5
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*front cover should be clear and attractive *no questions on back cover *uncluttered appearance * 12 pt font *number questions sequentially *clear instructions provided *questions written out in full *all parts of ? on same page * Response categories should have vertical response format *numerical code to be circled * space generously to avoid cluttered look
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chart 8.2 General Principles of Survey Formatting
