question

Providing raw material to cottagers to transform into finished products is an example of early capitalism and was encompassed in:

answer

The Putting-Out System

question

T/F. Many of the PHILOSOPHES of the Enlightenment had formal training in philosophy at some of Europe's earliest universities.

answer

False, they were mainly AMATEURS and debated ideas in the company of other amateurs.

question

The notion that the Earth was flat...

answer

...had long since been challenged by mathematicians such as Ptolemy, whose writings were widely read amongst explorers.

question

The Scientific Revolution encompassed:

answer

The application of natural evidence to understand the world and causation within it. Allowing conclusions to be drawn from hard evidence presented. An understanding of the universe in relation to physical space and motion.

question

The term "Old Regime" denoted:

answer

The rigid social and legal structure that governed society, labor, and human interaction.

question

The Tennis Court Oath was:

answer

A promise made by members of the Third Estate not to disband until a constitution for France had been written.

question

Why did Napoleon invade Russia?

answer

To gain a military victory in order to display his power, and quell dissent over his losses in Spain. To bring Tsar Alexander I and Russia back within the Continental System.

question

The general mobilization of all men, women, and children to serve the French nation in some capacity was known as...

answer

Levée en masse, or mass rising.

question

The National Assembly abolished the feudal system of social organization in France as part of sweeping legislation know as:

answer

The August Decrees of 4 and 5 August 1789.

question

The kingdom-wide meeting of representatives called to solve France's financial problem was termed:

answer

The Estates General

question

The pre-capitalist system that placed raw materials in the hands of cottiers to be assembled, collected, and sold at market was known as:

answer

The Putting-Out System

question

T/F. All of Europe industrialized at the same pace.

answer

False. Although France and the Low Countries had abundant supplies of coal and iron, they failed to begin to industrialize until 1830.

question

Known as "the oldest profession," this line of work grew in proportion to the unemployment and hardship that accompanied industrialization and urbanization in Europe.

answer

Prostitution

question

Britain was predisposed to industrialization due to...

answer

...an abundance of coal deposits. ...a series of canals for internal transport. ...an entrepreneurial spirit. ...a growing railway system.

question

Population growth accelerated as a result of industrialization. This alarmed observers such as Thomas Malthus, who argued that...

answer

...the growing population would eventually outstrip food supplies.

question

The nineteenth century ideology that rejected the Enlightenment and the structure, order and results-based mentality of the Industrial Revolution was:

answer

Romanticism

question

The political philosophy that refuted Enlightenment ideas and revolutionary principles, and instead based itself on tradition and gradual change, was known as:

answer

Conservatism

question

Jeremy Bentham's argument that society, and the laws that govern it, should:

answer

Adhere to the principle of utility: that which would benefit the most people.

question

Adam Smith's basic argument in Wealth of Nations was:

answer

Economics follow natural laws similar to the way the world obeyed the laws of physics. Humans pursue what is best for them individually, which benefits the group as a whole.

question

The international body, established as a result of the Congress of Vienna, sought to police Europe in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars that embodied European conservatism was known as:

answer

The Concert of Europe

question

T/F. According to Marx, the more a worker produces the less he or she can afford to partake of the spoils of their labor.

answer

True, in the opening of Scientific Socialism, Marx stated: "From Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts, 1844: The laborer becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, indeed, the more powerful and wide-ranging his production becomes. Labor does not only produce commodities, it produces itself and the laborer as a commodity, and in relation to the level at which it produces commodities. The product of labor is labor, which fixes itself in the object, it becomes a thing, it is the objectification of labor. The objectification of labor manifests itself so much as a loss of objects, that the laborer is robbed of the most necessary objects, not only to maintain his own life, but even objects with which to labor. Indeed, labor itself becomes an object, which only with the greatest effort and with random interruptions can be acquired. Appropriation of objects manifests itself so much as estrangement, that, the more objects the laborer produces, the fewer he can own and so he plunges deeper under the mastery of his product: Capital."

question

In socialist theory, the idea of the dialectic is expressed as:

answer

The struggle between labor (those that work and produce) and capital (those that own the means of production and profit from labor).

question

The forces of the Old Order who feared communism in the wake of 1848 were, according to Marx, part of the:

answer

Holy Alliance: the Church, the State, alternate political rivals

question

Realization of one's position in society based on economic status, education, skills, and social mobility, and the realization that others share one's position, is referred to as:

answer

Class Consciousness

question

Drawing on the principles of Marxism, revolutionaries established Communist, or pseudo-Communist regimes in:

answer

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics North Korea The People's Republic of China

question

The mid-19th century was certain a time for revolutionary ideas. Like Marx, Darwin challenged how people thought about human organization. Why was "natural selection" or evolutionary theory considered to be revolutionary at the time?

answer

It challenged established elements of religious thought regarding natural order of humans and animals.

question

Justifications for imperialism, militarism and statecraft, and triumphalist European attitudes about the world can be said to reflect:

answer

Social Darwinian attitudes

question

Darwin's theory on Natural Selection argued that:

answer

Species adapt to challenges posed in their environments, or die. Species develop and evolve through slow changes prompted by their environments.

question

What were some of the ways Darwin influenced other contemporary thinkers?

answer

His theory re-founded the biological sciences. His theory leant itself to the foundation of the social sciences. His theory changed religious orthodoxy.

question

In his 1871 tract, The Descent of Man, Darwin argued:

answer

Man's social instincts were naturally selected; as man evolved, so too did the concept of God.

question

In order to bring reluctant German states into line with Prussian policy, between 1864 and 1871 Bismarck waged war against all the following:

answer

Austria France Denmark

question

The argument for Italian unification, which boasted common language, history, and culture, reflects the characteristics of which nineteenth century ideology?

answer

Nationalism

question

Reflecting on the unification of Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the preservation of the American republic, and the establishment of the French Third Republic, one theme appears prevalent. Which is it?

answer

War

question

To add insult to injury, following the Franco-Prussian War the new unified German Empire, which proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm as its ruler, was declared from:

answer

The Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, outside Paris.

question

What prevented internal cohesion in both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire during the latter nineteenth century?

answer

Large physical territories, which were difficult to manage politically. Diverse ethnic and religious make up. Diverse languages and national traditions.

question

Otto von Bismarck's "Realpolitik" strategy for political dominance of German territory might be surmised in the well-known phrase:

answer

The ends justify the means.

Quizzes #1-7 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards