This is an example of:Negative Reinforcement

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of:
answer
operant conditioning.
question
Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.
answer
increase; increase
question
Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by:
answer
negative reinforcement.
question
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
answer
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
question
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.
answer
conditioned
question
The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________ is to ________.
answer
primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer
question
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.
answer
variable-ratio
question
Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.
answer
variable-ratio
question
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
answer
specified time period has elapsed.
question
Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will:
answer
continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
question
On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
answer
only some of the time.
question
Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
answer
fixed-interval
question
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
answer
fixed-ratio
question
After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:
answer
latent learning.
question
Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. Nancy's behavior was motivated by ________, Jack's by ________.
answer
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
question
A cognitive map is a:
answer
mental representation of one's environment.
question
After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
answer
biological predispositions
question
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:
answer
justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
question
Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that:
answer
watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.
question
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.
answer
predicts
question
Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?
answer
presenting a positive stimulus after a response, being told that you have done a good job,removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
question
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n):
answer
positive reinforcer.
question
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
answer
negative reinforcement.
question
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
answer
conditioned
question
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
variable-interval
question
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
answer
fixed-ratio
question
You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?
answer
fixed-interval
question
The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.
answer
variable-ratio
question
Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
answer
fixed-interval; fixed-ratio
question
After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:
answer
latent learning.
question
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:
answer
cognitive processes
question
A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the text, this is most likely so because:
answer
pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food.
question
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
answer
biological predispositions
question
In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as:
answer
similar to ourselves,respected and admired,successful.
question
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to:
answer
preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
question
Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to:
answer
overestimate the percentage of crimes that involve violent acts.
question
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
answer
negative
question
Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning
answer
secondary reinforcement,operant conditioning,positive reinforcement
question
A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.
answer
conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer
question
On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
variable-interval
question
Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will:
answer
continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
question
The commission method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
answer
fixed-ratio
question
From a casino owner's viewpoint, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?
answer
variable-ratio
question
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a:
answer
cognitive map.
question
Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. Nancy's behavior was motivated by ________, Jack's by ________.
answer
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
question
It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
answer
biological predispositions
question
Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:
answer
tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.
question
Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that:
answer
watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.
question
The taste of food and the termination of a headache are both ________ reinforcers.
answer
primary
question
A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of:
answer
continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
question
In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use:
answer
immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
question
For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?
answer
immediately after
question
Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
answer
intermittent
question
Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules.
answer
higher; higher
question
Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
question
On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
answer
only some of the time.
question
Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.
answer
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
question
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting:
answer
prosocial behavior.
question
Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of:
answer
observational learning.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New