Question 1

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning.

Question 2

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

increase; increase

Question 3

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack\'s behavior is being influenced by:

Accepted Answer

negative reinforcement.

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done

Question 5

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

conditioned

Question 6

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Question 7

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 8

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 9

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

Accepted Answer

specified time period has elapsed.

Question 10

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will:

Accepted Answer

continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

Question 11

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:

Accepted Answer

only some of the time.

Question 12

Leon\'s psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?

Accepted Answer

fixed-interval

Question 13

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

fixed-ratio

Question 14

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:

Accepted Answer

latent learning.

Question 15

Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. Nancy\'s behavior was motivated by ________, Jack\'s by ________.

Accepted Answer

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question 16

A cognitive map is a:

Accepted Answer

mental representation of one\'s environment.

Question 17

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

biological predispositions

Question 18

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits:

Accepted Answer

justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.

Question 19

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that:

Accepted Answer

watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.

Question 20

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

Accepted Answer

predicts

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

presenting a positive stimulus after a response,  being told that you have done a good job,removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response

Question 22

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family\'s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n):

Accepted Answer

positive reinforcer.

Question 23

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car\'s irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Accepted Answer

negative reinforcement.

Question 24

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

conditioned

Question 25

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-interval

Question 26

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

fixed-ratio

Question 27

You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

fixed-interval

Question 28

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 29

Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

Question 30

After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:

Accepted Answer

latent learning.

Question 31

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes

Question 32

A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the text, this is most likely so because:

Accepted Answer

pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food.

Question 33

It\'s easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

biological predispositions

Question 34

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as:

Accepted Answer

similar to ourselves,respected and admired,successful.

Question 35

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to:

Accepted Answer

preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

Question 36

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to:

Accepted Answer

overestimate the percentage of crimes that involve violent acts.

Question 37

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason\'s running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

negative

Question 38

Reggie\'s mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie\'s mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning

Accepted Answer

secondary reinforcement,operant conditioning,positive reinforcement

Question 39

A word of praise is to a soothing backrub as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Question 40

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace\'s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

variable-interval

Question 41

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will:

Accepted Answer

continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

Question 42

The commission method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

fixed-ratio

Question 43

From a casino owner\'s viewpoint, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 44

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a:

Accepted Answer

cognitive map.

Question 45

Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. Nancy\'s behavior was motivated by ________, Jack\'s by ________.

Accepted Answer

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question 46

It\'s easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

biological predispositions

Question 47

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:

Accepted Answer

tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.

Question 48

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that:

Accepted Answer

watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.

Question 49

The taste of food and the termination of a headache are both ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

primary

Question 50

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of:

Accepted Answer

continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.

Question 51

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use:

Accepted Answer

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

Question 52

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

Accepted Answer

immediately after

Question 53

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

intermittent

Question 54

Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules.

Accepted Answer

higher; higher

Question 55

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul\'s telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael\'s is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

Question 56

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:

Accepted Answer

only some of the time.

Question 57

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri\'s behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George\'s behavior was a reflection of ________.

Accepted Answer

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question 58

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting:

Accepted Answer

prosocial behavior.

Question 59

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

observational learning.

This is an example of:Negative Reinforcement

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