Quiz 4 Study guide Chap 7 &8 – Flashcards

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on what? A. the serial position effect. B. proactive interference. C. visual encoding. D. memory.

The process of encoding refers to what? A) the persistence of learning over time. B) the recall of information previously learned. C) getting information into memory. D) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

The process of getting information out of memory is called A. encoding. B. relearning. C. retrieval. D. rehearsal.

Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. Question options: A. short-term B. implicit C. mood-congruent D. explicit

Automatic processing occurs without Question options: A. a memory trace. B. visual encoding. C. conscious effort. D. long-term potentiation.

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates A. the two-track mind. B. the misinformation effect. C. mood-congruent memory. D. the serial position effect.

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Saeko spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as A. rehearsal. B. LTP. C. automatic processing. D. the serial position effect.

Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables as a means of studying memory. His experiments led to the discovery that A. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. B. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood. C. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. D. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A. the spacing effect. B. the serial position effect. C. state-dependent memory. D. automatic processing.

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect. A. serial position B. misinformation C. imagination D. spacing

One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember best the items ________ of the list. Question options: A. at the beginning and end B. at the end C. at the beginning D. in the middle

To remember information in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy facilitates Question options: A. implicit memory. B. meaningful encoding. C. source amnesia. D. unconscious processing.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. Question options: A. short-term B. explicit C. flashbulb D. implicit

The hippocampus plays a critical role in Question options: A. repression. B. explicit memory. C. sensory memory. D. implicit memory.

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning? Question options: A. hippocampus B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. motor cortex

Memories are primed by Question options: A. repression. B. retrieval cues. C. interference. D. source amnesia.

Déjà vu refers to the Question options: A. emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events. B. tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood. C. unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. D. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of Question options: A. encoding. B. storage. C. retrieval. D. relearning.

Mai is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Mai's poor memory most likely results from a failure in Question options: A. storage. B. encoding. C. rehearsal. D. retrieval.

When old or new learning blocks the recall of other memories, ________ has occurred. Question options: A. interference B. the serial position effect C. the spacing effect D. source amnesia

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves Question options: A. interference. B. memory decay. C. retrieval failure. D. long-term potentiation.

Among memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs. Question options: A. long-term potentiation B. automatic processing C. source amnesia D. repression

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as Question options: A. encoding. B. automatic processing. C. long-term potentiation. D. the spacing effect.

By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories often illustrate Question options: A. the serial position effect. B. infantile amnesia. C. the misinformation effect. D. the spacing effect.

Research on young children's eyewitness recall has indicated that Question options: A. children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults. B. children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults. C. it is surprisingly difficult for professional interviewers to reliably distinguish children's true memories from false memories. D. all of these answers are true.

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of Question options: A. retrieval cues. B. sensory memories. C. state-dependent memories. D. serial position effects.

According to drive-reduction theory, needs refer to Question options: A. basic bodily requirements. B. anything that is perceived as promoting survival. C. motivated states resulting from deprivation. D. positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior.

Motivation is defined by psychologists as Question options: A. an impulse to accomplish something of significance. B. a basic bodily requirement. C. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal. D. the cause of behavior.

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce Question options: A. a drive. B. emotion. C. the set point. D. basal metabolic rate.

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________. Question options: A. love; food B. adequate clothing; self-esteem C. self-actualization; friendship D. political freedom; economic security

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of Question options: A. set points. B. drives. C. incentives. D. catharsis.

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as Question options: A. belongingness needs. B. self-esteem needs. C. self-transcendence needs. D. self-actualization needs.

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by Question options: A. an unusually high rate of metabolism. B. cycling between extreme thinness and obesity. C. frequent migraine headaches. D. an obsessive fear of becoming obese.

The set point is Question options: A. a state of arousal that triggers hunger. B. the body temperature of a healthy organism, for example, 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in humans. C. the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal. D. the stable body weight of an individual over a long period of time.

The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ than those in countries with colder climates. Question options: A. spices B.carbohydrates C.fats D. proteins

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as Question options: A. more sincere and more friendly. B. more sincere and less friendly. C. less sincere and less friendly. D. less sincere and more friendly.

Most humans are genetically predisposed to Question options: A. engage in both homosexual and heterosexual behaviors. B. form close enduring relationships with fellow humans. C. avoid eating carbohydrate-laden foods when feeling depressed. D.satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs. Question options: A. safety B. belongingness C. self-transcendence D. self-actualization

The basic components of emotion are Question options: A. sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling. B. physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives. C. expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience. D. cognition, affect, and behavior.

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that Question options: A. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event. B. expressing emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal. C. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion. D. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Question options: A. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. B. Robert Zajonc and Richard Lazarus. C. William James and Carl Lange. D. Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system. Question options: A. sympathetic B. central C. somatic D. parasympathetic

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system Question options: A. increases respiration and increases salivation. B. increases respiration and decreases salivation. C. decreases respiration and decreases salivation. D. decreases respiration and increases salivation.

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n) Question options: A. electrocardiograph. B. electroencephalograph. C. fMRI. D. polygraph.

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to Question options: A. evaluate a criminal's mental health. B. assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime. C. screen potential employees for possible past misdeeds. D. determine the frequency with which an individual lies.

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the Question options: A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. cerebellum. D. amygdala.

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at each other's Question options: A. eyes. B. lips. C. hand gestures. D. body postures.

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of Question options: A. anger. B. surprise. C. happiness. D. boredom.

Students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that men and women differed the most in their Question options: A. self-reported emotions. B. changes in heart rate. C. facial expressions of emotion. D. changes in respiration.

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are Question options: A. learned in early childhood. B. different in Eastern and Western cultures. C. the same throughout the world. D. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents.

Baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates Question options: A. Darwin's revolutionary perspective. B. the spillover effect. C. Schachter's and Singer's two-factor theory. D. the adaptation-level phenomenon.

The term catharsis refers to emotional Question options: A. disturbance. B. inhibition. C. release. D. adaptation.

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when we feel happy we Question options: A. are more willing to help others. B. make decisions more effectively. C. experience a more positive self-image. D.report greater satisfaction with our lives.

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of Question options: A. implicit memory. B. source amnesia. C. encoding meaning. D. state-dependent memory.