Quarter 3 Practice Test Stanton College prep
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Purpose of Mitosis?
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Growth and Development
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Mitosis Reproduces by?
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Asexual Reproduction
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Before a cell gets too big, what does it do?
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Splits into 2 daughter cells
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2 Stages of cell division?
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Mitosis and cytokinesis
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Prior to Division a cell copies what?
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DNA and Organelles
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Cells reproduce to do what?
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Replace dead cells, and it splits if there are no other cells around it.
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What is Apoptosis?
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Suicide of the cells
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Describe what happens of Prophase and somethings that are in it.
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Chromatin condenses, centrioles separate, Spindle Appears, Nuclear envelope appears and breaks down and spreads out DNA
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Chromatids
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DNA that is Organized
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Chromatin
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DNA that is un-organized
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Is Interphase Organized or Un-Organized
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Un-Organized
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Spindle Fibers Attach to what?
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Chromosomes
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Centromeres do what?
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Hold sisters and attach to spindle
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what Moves a cell?
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A combination of Centromeres and spindle fibers.
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Plants Don't have what? (Begins with a C)
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Centrioles
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G1 phase
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We spend alot of time in as Organelles grow.
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Metaphase?
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
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Each sister needs what to break apart?
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1 centromere
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What happens during Anaphase?
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Sister chromatids separate and move to the poles, while the spindle helps pull them apart.
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In Anaphase the sister chromatids split into how many parts?
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8
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Telophase
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opposite of Prophase. Nuclear envelop appears again, notice daughter cells begin to pinch in, and chromosomes turn into Chromatin again and losing its distinct shape.
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Mitosis is not done until
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Cytokinesis
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How long does the cell cycle take?
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24 hours usually
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How long does it take for a cell to divide?
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2 hours usually
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Do Red blood cells have a nucleus, and where it comes from
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Don't have a nucleus and come from yellow/red bone marrow
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G0
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Are not actively divided red, and white blood cells.
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3 rules cells follow
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Cyclins- How often a cell divides, Cell must be attached to something in order to divide, and a cell will not divide if their are other cells around it
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Cells spend most of their time in what phase?
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Interphase
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Binary Fission steps
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Step 1 DNA replication, Step 2 Chromosome Segregation, and Step 3 Cytokinesis.
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What is a gene?
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Piece of DNA that makes protein
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RAS gene does what?
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Helps control cell cycle
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Structure of DNA?
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composed of nucleotides which are 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group, and Nitrogen base.
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What is Deoxyribose?
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is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H---(CHOH)₃-H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy sugar, meaning that it is derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom
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4 Bases of DNA?
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Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, And Cytosine!
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What do Histones do?
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Proteins that Allow DNA to coil
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What kind of bond does Guanine have?
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A covalent bond
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What is Important in Metaphase?
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Centrioles
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DNA replication occurs
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Before a cell divides
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At what phase does DNA replication occur?
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S
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A Sperm cell is an example of what?
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A Gamete
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Which of the following is Mitosis not used for?
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Production of Gametes
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True or False? - Prophase is a stage in mitosis during which the chromatin condenses into highly ordered structures called chromosomes. ( Also give the correct answer if False)
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True
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True or False? - The structure responsible for Moving the chromosomes during mitosis are centrioles? (Also give the correct answer if False)
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False, It is the combination of centromeres and the spindle.
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Where does mitosis happen in a complex multicellular organism like a human?
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In Somatic Cells
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Cells will generally divide when?
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When they become too large
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Regeneration, Parthenogenesis, Binary fission, and Mitosis are all examples of what?
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Asexual Reproduction
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Spindle Fibers and centrioles are made of which type of cytoskeleton filament?
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Tubulines
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Nail biters often have red, warm, and swollen areas around the cuticles. What kind of response does this condition indicate?
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Inflammatory Response.
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Define Mutation.
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A change in someones DNA.
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Heterozygous
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Hybrid Breeding
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Incomplete Dominance
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Some Alleles are neither Dominant nor Recessive
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PolygenicTraits
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Traits controlled by 2 or more genes (Ex: Skin Color)
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How many genes are found in the X chromosome?
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1200
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How many genes are found in the Y Chromosome
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140
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Only Females are carriers for what kind of Disorders
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Sex-Linked Disorders
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Some disorders cause by recessive Alleles are?
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Color Blindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Hemophilia.
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Some Sex Chromosome Disorders are?
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Turner's Syndrom, Klinefelters Syndrom.
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Human Genetic Disorders?
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Huntington's disease, and Dwarfism.
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What is a Genome?
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the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism.
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What Nucleotides is RNA made up of?
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1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.
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What does Messenger RNA do?
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Send instructions from DNA out into the cytoplasm.
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What does Transfer RNA do?
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Brings Amino Acids into Ribosome.
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Polymerase does what to DNA?
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Unzips it
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How many Amino acids are there?
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20
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What is Point Mutation.
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Changes in DNA at 1 point
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Name 3 recessive diseases
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Sickle cell Anemia, Tay Sachs, and Cystic Fibrosis.
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Purpose of Immunity
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Fight infections, Foreign Invaders, by producing Anti-Bodies, or killing infected cells.
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1st Line of defense for Immunity contain?
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Skin, Mucous Membrane, and secretions of skin an Mucous Membrane.
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2cd Line of defense for Immunity contain?
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Phagocytic white blood cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, and the Inflammatory Response.
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3rd Line of defense for Immunity contain?
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Lymphocytes, and Antibodies.
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What are Pathogens?
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viruses, Bacteria, or anything that causes disease/Immune response.
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What is an Allergy?
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A Exaggerated response by the Immune system to an allergen.
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What is an Allergen?
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Harmless substance that causes Allergic reactions. (Ex: dust, Pollen, mold, insect stings, etc.)
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Macrophages?
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enzymatically destroy microbes.
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Types of B cells?
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Memory and Plasma Cells
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Plasma Cells do what?
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Immediate production of Anti-Bodies
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Memory cells do what?
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Long term Immunity. Store Info on previous victory against a disease or infections, etc.
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What are T-cells?
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Immune response to infected cells.
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Helper T-cells do what?
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Stimulate immune system.
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Killer T-cells do what?
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attack infected body cells.
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Which of the following is an important factor of Translation.
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Anticodon
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Helicase does what?
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Unzips DNA
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Ligase does what?
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Seals pieces of DNA
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DNA only replicates in?
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5' ----> 3' Strands
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Each species is given a 2 part Italicized Name
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First name in Binomial Nomenclature is?
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Genus
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second name in Binomial Nomenclature is?
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Species
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The Most specific group that have the greatest number of characteristics in common.
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Species
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Which Kingdom Only includes Prokaryotes
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Archaea
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Which is the only Kingdom to contain autotrophs?
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Plants
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In the name of the white Oak, Quercus alba, Quercus is the Species name? True or False?
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False
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Organisms that are similar in structure and form and successfully reproduce among themselves belong to the same family. True or False?
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False
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Genus is?
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Grouping of similar species
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Family in the levels of classification is?
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A group of similar generations
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Order in the level of classification is?
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Closely related families
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Class in the level of classification is?
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Orders with similar characteristics
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Phylum
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Organisms are very different here but can have indirect characteristics.
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A kingdom is?
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A group of Phylums.
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List the 3 Domains.
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Eubacteria, Eukaryote, and Archaea
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Archaea are also know as? (Hint: They live in extreme temperatures)
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Exteremophiles
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Are protists Eukaryote or Prokaryote?
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Eukaryote
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Cladistics
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Classification based on common Ancestry
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Cladogram
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Evolutionary Tree that proposes how species may be related to common Ancestors.
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Derived Characters
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Traits used to figure out evolutionary relationships, present in some, not in others.
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Primate Characteristics
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Hands/Feet for grasping, digits have flat nails, finger prints, large brain short jaw, eyes look forward, well developed child care, and complex social behavior.
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Name all classifications. (Remember this - Dumb Kings Play Cards On Fine Green Silk)
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Domain, Kingdom Phylum, class, Order, Family Genus, Species.
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How long ago did we split apart from chimpanzees ?
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6-7 million years ago.
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Address the different time periods throughout the history of earth.
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Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.
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Describe Precambrian.
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Mixture of gas, No life
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Describe the Paleozoic Era.
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Geological, Climatic, Evolutionary change.
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Describe Mesozoic
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Age of the Reptiles (Dinosaurs)
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Describe Cenozoic
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Age of the Mammals. ( US )
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how old is the earth present day today?
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4.54 billion years old
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RNA can also be what?
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A enzyme. (Ribozyme)
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which elements made life on earth possible?
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CO2, CH4, NH3, H2O, H2S and H4
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The elements needed for life are? (In letters not the chemical language like H2O) Also remember CHNOPS
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.
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The combination of the elements of life led to what?
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All 20 Amino Acids.
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Which experiment showed that the elements of life led to all 20 Amino Acids?
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Miller/Uray Experiment.
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Name the specific species in the classification chart.
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Plants, Animals, Protists, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi.
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What needs to happen to end a era and start a new one.
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A Mass Extinction of nearly the whole population 95 - 98 %
