Psychology Test 4: (13-16) – Flashcards
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Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future. However, this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation. This is an example of A mirror-image perception B the jigsaw problem C perceived injustice D a social dilemma
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D
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In real life, which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons? A. pollutions of rivers and streams B. gun control C. the death penalty D. online auctions
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A
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Before they married, Melinda and Michael, who are both employed full time and collect the same pay, agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping. In reality, Melinda is now doing about 80 percent of the household work. This situation is an example of A an integrative disaster B an inequitable relationship C a social dilemma D a zero-sum relationship
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B
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The Republic of Fredonia believes its long-time enemy, the Kingdom of Franistan, is aggressive, greedy, and impulsive. On the other hand, Franistan believes that Fredonia is hostile, selfish, and unpredictable. This is an example of: A inequitable relationship B a zero-sum relationship C mirror-image perceptions D reciprocal illusions
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C
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Which of the following best illustrates a superordinate goal? A a college student who has been failing English gets an "A" on a paper B a woman beats her husband at tennis C Apartment dwellers install a television antenna they all can use D an obese person loses 20 lbs in 2 weeks
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C
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Motto and Yoko are roommates and are experiencing a conflict about what type of cable service is within their budget. They negotiate by having Yoko, who wanted a more expensive service, pay the remainder of the bill after both of them have paid for half of the cost of the less expensive service. What form of communication did Motto and Yoko use to resolve their conflict? A. bargaining B. amerlioration C. mediation D. arbitration
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A
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Vivian and Pearl, who have been a couple for many years, are having a conflict they have been unable to resolve, so they make an appointment with a counselor. The counselor helps facilitate communication between Vivian and Pearl, and offers suggestions for dealing with future conflicts. What form of communication have they used to resolve their conflict? A. bargaining B. amelioration C. mediation D. arbitration
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C
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David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to their children for a decision. David and Julie relied on _______ to resolve their conflict. A. mediation B. bargaining C. conciliation D. arbitration
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D
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When teaching the American Revolution unit in his history class, Mr. Jones divides his class into groups with racially and academically diverse members. Each group member is then assigned to become the "expert" on one part of the lesson (e.g., the Boston Tea Party, George Washington, etc.). At the end of the week each expert would teach that section to the rest of the group. This is an example of A a jigsaw classroom B a superordinate goal C mirror image classroom D zero sum design
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A
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Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas? A allowing carpoolers to drive in faster, freeway lane B requiring carpool cars and vans to park in larger parking lots farther away from the office building C lowering the price of gasoline to below $1 per gallon D raising the price of gasoline to well above 5$ per gallon
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A
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As Sherif noted, despite the fact that the competitive behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked, disturbed, and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was A their leaders modeling of aggression B their delinquent backgrounds C their ethnic identities D an evil situation
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D
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In Sherif's research, the camper groups became hostile towards each other when A. they learned of the other group's existence. B. the two groups first met. C. competition between the groups was introduced. D. competition between the groups ended.
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C
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When Bush called Iraq "evil" in the buildup to the invasion, he was making which common misperception? A. underestimating the strength of one's enemy B. demonizing the enemy C. rationalizing one's own motives D. blaming the wrong people
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B
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In times of tension, such as during an international crisis, A. views of the opposing side become more simplistic. B. political statements acknowledge that each country's motives are complex. C. judgments about action are prolonged and postponed by time-consuming reevaluations. D. tendencies toward groupthink are weakened.
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A
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15) In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, contact must: A. occur in a zero-sum context. B. be structured to confer equal status on both races. C. temporarily award superior status to the minority group. D. be mediated by a third party.
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B
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When considering reactions to a common external threat, approval of President Bush's performance after September 11, 2001 A increased B decreased C stabilized D was unaffected
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A
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In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons, people tend to explain their behaviors _____ and their opponent's behavior _____. A situationally; dispositionally B dispositionally;situationally C altruistically; egotistically D egotistically; altrusitcally
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A
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Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses. They found that A if students of clinicians expected a particular association, they perceived it, regardless of whether data was supportive B students and clinicians only saw relationships supported by data C professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships D students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than .75
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A
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Following the suicide of a friend or family member, feelings of guilt are often magnified by A. illusory thinking. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. hindsight bias. D. confirmation bias.
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C
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Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait, they tend to ask questions that show evidence of A. self-confirmingdiagnoses. B. the illusion of control. C. negative attributional styles. D. illusorycorrelations.
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A
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According to Renaud and Estess (1961), therapists who expect to find evidence of early childhood traumas are likely to uncover such experiences among A. clients who are males. B. clients who are real victims of childhood sex abuse. C. clients who are healthy, successful adults. D. all clients.
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D
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When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the statistical prediction, _______ were more likely to value intuition. A. clinical psychologists B. developmental psychologists C. social psychologists D. educational psychologists
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A
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Yvonne, a college senior, is mildly depressed. Asked to describe herself, she notes both her positive and negative qualities. She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both. Yvonne clearly illustrates the _______ effect. A rose-colored-glasses B sadder-but-wiser C head-in-the-clouds D feet-on-the-ground
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B
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Maxwell, a college junior, suffers from chronic depression. After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test, he is most likely to say, A "The test wasn't a fair assessment of what I know" B "my chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly" C "Im incompetent and probably always will be" D "I'm sure most people did poorly on the test"
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C
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Compared to non depressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are: A. external. B. specific. C. internal. D. situational.
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C
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College students who have depressed roommates tend to become A. somewhat depressed themselves. B. more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders. C. more optimistic about their own lives. D. more studious and committed to achieving academic success.
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A
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Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking? A. Depressed moods do not cause negative thinking. B. Negative thinking always causes depressed moods. C. Depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments. D. Depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause depressed moods.
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D
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Peterson and Seligman (1987) analyzed the press quotes of baseball's Hall of Famers and found that those who routinely offered pessimistic explanations for bad events, like losing big games, were more likely to A. earn lower salaries. B. experiencedivorce. C. playaggressively D. die at younger ages.
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D
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Mendonca and Brehm (1983) found that overweight children were more likely to lose weight and keep it off after an eight-week program if they: A. felt responsible for choosing their weight-loss program B. were regularly monitored and penalized for breaking rules. C. were praised and rewarded for even minor weight loss. D. had been assigned to their "least preferred" treatment program.
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A
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Having shy or anxious people observe, then rehearse, then try our more assertive behaviors in real situations is called: A foot-in-the-door training B rational-emotive therapy C social skills training D explanatory style therapy
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C
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Maria's therapist instructed her to monitor her attributions for successes and failures. Maria is probably participating in A. assertiveness training. B. explanatorystyletherapy. C. stress reduction therapy. D. group therapy.
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B
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Which of the following is the best predictor of overall happiness? A. a satisfying job B. satisfaction with finances C. satisfaction with one's community D. satisfaction with marriage
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D
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osenhan's famous study of diagnosis and treatment in mental hospitals indicated that A. tests of personality are inexact. B. clinicians tended to reinterpret client information to confirm the diagnosis applied to that client C. statistical prediction was more accurate than clinical intuition. D. early childhood trauma predicted onset of adult schizophrenia
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B
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Just as in Britain, the author suggests that we harness the power of immediate feedback by A. starting to use more solar power. B. installing "smart meters" that provide a continuous readout of electricity use. C. starting to use more wind power. D. cutting back on our electrical use.
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B
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Myers (2000) noted that changing the consumption levels among rich nations requires A. stronger and stricter laws. B. a major catastrophe to occur first. C. a worldwide natural disaster or plague. D. a shift in public consciousness similar to the civil rights and women's movements
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D
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For today's collegians, the goal of _______ has been at the top of their list in recent years. A developing a meaningful philosophy of life B becoming well-off financially C helping others in difficulty D becoming an authority in their own field
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B
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In affluent countries the correlation between increased individual income and personal happiness is A strongly positive B moderately positive C about 0.00 D negative
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D
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Steve strives for intimacy, personal growth, and ways to contribute to his community, whereas Ben works at "getting ahead" financially. In all likelihood A they will be equally happy B Steve will be happier C Ben will be happier D we can't predict who will be happier
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B
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When we seek _____ goals we tend to experience a higher quality of life. A extrinsic B monetary C intrinsic D physical
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C
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Donna has been short of money and worried about her job security. Yesterday she was surprised to find she was being promoted and given a 10 percent raise. The adaptation-level phenomenon suggests that she will A. soon be worried again about her finances. B. have much better self-esteem from now on. C. behave much less aggressively from now on. D. be a much more ambitious, achievement-oriented worker now that she sees that her past behavior has paid off.
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A
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After some event that is good or bad, people generally _____ the enduring impact of the event. A. underestimate B. overestimate C. can'tguess D. can accurately predict
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B
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Relative deprivation is frequently the result of A. upward social comparison. B. downward social comparison. C. Parkinson's second law. D. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
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A
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Koo and her colleagues (2008) had people write about how they might never have met their romantic partner. Compared to others who wrote about meeting their partner and imagining not having the relationship they expressed A. dissatisfaction. B. anger. C. satisfaction. D. sadness.
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C
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Findings from the National Opinion Research Center surveys of 50,000 Americans report 26 percent of those who rarely or never attend religious services say they are_____, while 48 percent of those attending multiple times weekly said they are _____. A. unhappy; happy B. happy; unhappy C. happy; happy D. very happy; very happy
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D
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Csikszentmihalyi refers to the state wherein we are unselfconsciously absorbed in a mindful challenge as: A positive psychology B unconditional positive regard C flow D individual hypnosis
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C
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Who is most likely to report experiencing a higher quality of life? A. Chris, a psychology professor who focuses on his marriage, personal growth, and his volunteer efforts with the homeless B. Sally, an attorney who is saving up for a condo on the beach, a nose job, and a new Mercedes. C. Ryan, a house painter who is just trying to make ends meet every month. D. Julia, a housewife who has been married for 20 years.
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A
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Downward social comparison facilitates: A. guilt. B. contentment. C. depression. D. empathy.
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B
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When asked if he believes in global warming, Steve says, "no way - I had to dig my car out of 5 ice storms last winter." Steve is basing his opinion on A. the availability heuristic. B. the representativeness heuristic C overconfidence D an illusion of control
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A
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Sacramento's Municipal Utility District sent bills to random customers rating their energy use compared to their neighbors in similar-sized homes. What was the result? A. The energy usage of the selected customers remained the same. B. The energy usage of the selected customers went up. C. The energy usage of the selected customers went down D the customers changed providers
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C
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Nisbet and Zelenski (2011) found that _____ is related to feelings of happiness. A going on nature walks B volunteering C praying D close friendships
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A
