Psychology Review - Flashcards

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According to the authors, much of the knowledge from popular psychology sources

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is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated

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According to your authors, ________ is the "mother of all biases."

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confirmation bias

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A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle. They collect the new species for later study back at the camp. Due to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. Their willingness to share these findings with other scientists shows their commitment to

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peer review

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Will and Kristyn are laying on a hill looking up at the stars. Kristyn looks over and sees the face of a man appearing on the moon. She fails to consider that this face is really a combination of craters on the moon's surface and her own perceptual abilities creating meaning. She has fallen victim to

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the confirmation bias

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After recently reviewing her research results, Dr. Junger is willing to keep an open mind about her results and other research results on the same evidence. She is displaying an attitude of

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...

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In the natural world, there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome. Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers ________ whenever possible.

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rule out rival hypotheses

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With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought?

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functionalism

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Nico is meeting with his academic adviser. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n)

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clinical psychologist.

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Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not truly exist, and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given moment?

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...

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If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, what type of research would you employ?

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A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called a(n)

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glial cell

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When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) ________ fashion as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.

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All or None

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Andy has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Andy is experiencing?

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serotonin

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Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy and can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ______ which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.

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plasticity

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According to ________ theory, memories are initially stored at multiple sites. Over time, storage strengthens at some sites, but weakens at others.

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multiple trace

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Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland?

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hypothalamus

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Hideki has had difficulty sleeping. His doctor wishes to examine his sleep patterns to determine the cause of Hideki's sleep problems. The doctor will most like perform a(n)

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EEG

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If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then fine (complex) language skills will be handled by his

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left hemisphere

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People's genetic makeup is their

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Genotypes

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Kayla and Layla are twins who were separated at birth. A researcher interested in studying heredity tracks them down and speaks to their different families about the benefits that can be achieved by studying the two young girls. The girls and their different sets of parents agree to participate, and studies begin assessing various areas of the girls' lives. In order for this type of twin study to be most effective, what kind of twins should Kayla and Layla be?

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monozygotic

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Carson is initially blinded as he walks out of a daytime movie. However, very rapidly his eyes begin to adjust to the bright light. What is the best explanation for his rapid recovery?

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Sensory Adaptation

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Attending to many modalities simultaneously is a phenomenon called is a

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parallel processing.

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Clara, the psychic, is addressing her audience prior to the show. She notices that two of the audience members are wearing military uniforms. After a brief conversation with one of the soldiers, she suggests to him that he may be experiencing some doubt over recent events that took place. Which process is Clara engaging in?

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Clairvoyance

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When light enters the eye, it first passes through what structure?

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cornea

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According to ________, color vision evolved because perceiving color helped our early ancestors forage for food.

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trichromatic thory

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The difference between high-definition television and regular television is analogous to which component of sound?

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Amplitude

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Pete has played lead guitar in a rock band for years. He often would turn the volume on his guitar way up and spend a great deal of time in front of the speakers during the shows. His resulting hearing loss over the past few years is most likely the result of

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noise -induced hearing loss

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A common symptom associated with depression is loss of appetite. Research indicates that this occurs because

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our taste thresholds are unchanged by the neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressant drugs

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The somatosensory system responds to sensory information about

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temperature , pressure, and injury

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Which of the following sensory difficulties is likely to be the most dangerous?

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pain insnsitivity

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Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably

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the dentist's beard

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After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called

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spontaneous recovery

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According to ________ theory, behavior is said to be influenced by its consequences.

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operant conditioning

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The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called

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effective based learning

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A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a

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Thorndike Box

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Omar and Patrick sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Patrick is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells. Omar is paid on a ________ ____ schedule while Patrick is paid on a ____________schedule.

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fixed ratio : variable ratio

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Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?

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Allowing a child to have ice ream only if he eats his vegetables

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You wake up at three o'clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walked to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light. Your ability to successfully navigate her house in the dark is due to the presence of

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a cognitive map

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Which of the following is reflective of Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion?

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Contrary to most classically conditioned reactions , only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste aversion

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The tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement is called

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Instinctive Drift

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Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to

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implicit memory

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Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the

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primacy effect

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In long-term memory, the __________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information.

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Episodic memory

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Although you have never taken a class with Dr. Hua, you walk into class, sit down, open your notebook, and wait for the professor to begin his lecture. What concept is being illustrated?

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priming

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When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of

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encoding specifity

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Who is most likely suffering from retrograde amnesia?

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Mariana, who struggles to remember the names of the people she just met

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As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as

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meta memory

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According to your textbook, some proponents of Scientology have suggested that negative statements overheard by fetuses, embryos, and even zygotes can be "reactivated" in adulthood, triggering low self-esteem and psychology difficulties. The research, however, has failed to support these claims. Which principle of critical thinking is best demonstrated by this example?

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Extraordinary Claims

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"You should have seen it! First the car flipped over and then it exploded! I will never forget it!" What type of memory may have just formed in this eyewitness?

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Implicit

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With regard to the idea of patients' memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists

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are in agreement that it frequently happens

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Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel?

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Interpersonal

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If you want to preserve your level of intelligence, which of the following should you be most concerned with?

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a hard blow to the front of the head

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The deviation IQ score

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is an IQ relative to one's same-aged peers

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A person who breeds and trains race horses is likely to

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practice positive eugenics

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Zoe wants to test the IQ of a group of ESL students who do not speak any English. What test might you recommend to her?

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Raven's Progressive Matrices

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Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that

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the higher he percentage of shared genes between people , the higher their IQ correlations will be

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The "Flynn effect" refers to

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the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade

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Which of the following is an example of "stereotype threat"?

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Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests and even though she is gifted mathematician she performs below average on the SAT math section

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What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?

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divergent thinking

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Dillan really wants a turn at the swing, but there are two more children in front of him. If Dillan pushes the other two children out of the way, it will be his turn, but the other children will be angry and might get hurt. What aspect of thought is involved in Dillan's decision making?

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Emotional Intelligence

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Which of the following types of changes are of interest to a developmental psychologist?

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Physical, cognitive, social , and emotional changes

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Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

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respiratory difficulties

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While the sequence in which motor skills develops is generally universal, the _________ of the development of those skills tends to be different from child to child.

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timing

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During menarche teenagers experience

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starting of menstruation

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Which of the following physical changes is not associated with aging in men?

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A reduction in a man's interest in his career

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Young Eli, only a bit over 18 months of age, has been fooled by his parents. In order to get him to willingly take a children's chewable vitamin every day, his parents have taught him that it is a "candy." Now, whenever Eli sees any product that is small and brightly colored, he says "Candy! YUMMM" and tries to put it into his mouth. Eli's attempt to make new stimuli consistent with his existing mental structures is an example of

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Accomidation

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At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a

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theory of mind

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"Human beings do not demonstrate __________," said Professor Spiegelman. "Otherwise most newborns would think that the physician who was handing the childbirth was its mother or father!"

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instincts

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According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget?

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...

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In several of his movies, actor Adam Sandler has achieved fame by playing buffoons whose __________ ages were clearly far behind their __________ ages.

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chronological: mental

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Supposedly, the Inuits have nearly a thousand words for snow. Although the number may be exaggerated, all the words describe variations of the basic concept of snow. Which theory of emotions does this observation parallel?

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...

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Mrs. Woodham wants her students to embrace the book The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein. She believes the message is a powerful one. What might you encourage her to do?

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Have each student read the book and write a response

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Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called

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nonverbal leakage.

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Which best characterizes the correlation between income and subjective feelings of happiness?

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Before entering first grade, little Mina used to love to read books. Once school started, her teacher began a program to motivate her students to read. She began to give stars to those children who finished a new book. As a result, Mina no longer reads while she is at home. What has likely occurred?

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Mina's intrinsic motivation decreased

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According to the glucostatic theory, the level of __________ is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger.

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glucose in the blood

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The fact that identical twins are more likely to share sexual orientation than fraternal twins suggests that sexual orientation is at least partly

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genetic

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Who proposed the triangular theory of love?

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Robert Sternberg

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Commitment without intimacy or passion might be referred to as

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empty love

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"Look at those two, they can't keep their hands off of each other!" What type of love is being depicted?

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Infatuation

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Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of

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emotion-focused coping

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Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stress and major life events?

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Research has demonstrated that getting married , having a child, and losing a job are in the order of the top three stressors reported by most adults

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Which of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome is most indicated by activation of the fight-or-flight system?

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Alarm

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Amanda signed up with the army right after she graduated from high school. She was soon sent to Iraq. During her two years in Iraq, she witnessed many gruesome catastrophes. Upon returning home, she felt detached and estranged from her old friends, was easily startled, and had difficulties sleeping due to the vivid memories of the horrific events. Amanda displays the symptoms of

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posttraumatic stress disorder

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Research has found that the body's immune system can attack your own body parts, leading to all but which of the following conditions?

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Arthritis

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Joanna has a type-A personality. Which of the following traits are descriptive of her personality?

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Competitive and Driven

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Research has consistently shown that having a good _________ is of critical importance in a person's ability to cope with stressors.

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social support system

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Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying

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Hardiness

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is the mental shortcut we use to judge the likelihood of an event and the ease with which it comes to mind.

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Representative Hueristics

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Guadalupe has been having a lot of stress at work recently, and she has spoken to a therapist about how to better handle her anxiety. Her therapist suggests that she try _________ meditation, which involves focusing exclusively on a single object, internal sound, or her own breathing.

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...

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Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that type of a situation, and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is an example of

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When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over.

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...

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What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths

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to fit in with others

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In a televised "social experiment" by the local television network, 12 people-6 white and 6 African American-were asked to live together for one week. They varied in their level of prejudice; however, those with low levels of prejudice became less prejudiced, while those with high levels became more prejudiced. A psychologist from the university coined this behavior

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group polarization

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One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience.

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greater: lesser

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In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped?

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A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street

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Who is least likely to be aggressive?

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Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska

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The phenomenon where we are more likely to believe something we've heard many times is known as the

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availability heuristic

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Your friend asks you to borrow $50.00 from you. You tell him no. Then he asks for a mere $10.00, which you gladly give him. While you feel good to have helped him out, you may have just experienced the

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foot-in-the-door technique

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Aleta is looking at a stack of applications for the open position she has at her bakery. She called all of the applicants acting as if she was asking an important question about their application. Really, however, she wanted to know who had an accent so she could put those applications in the "no" pile. Aleta just engaged in

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discrimination

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Cailee and Rick's parents take them to church every week. What type of influence on personality is being exhibited?

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Shared Environmental

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A Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck in what stage of development?

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oral

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The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called

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archetypes

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Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has

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External locus of control

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A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is the humanists focus on

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free will

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Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?

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Sociableness

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An important shortcoming of trait models as explanations for personality development is that they do not

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address the issue of why such differences in personality development originate.

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The MMPI and MMPI-2 are personality tests that are designed to

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detect symptoms of mental disorders

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Many projective assessment tools are often lacking in

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validity

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Lena answered true to most of the questions that asked her about her participation in outdoor activities or social gatherings. When she received her results, she was amazed that the test had accurately described her extraverted personality. What may Lena be a victim of?

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...

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Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered abnormal because it creates

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...

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A key idea in the discussion on the universality versus diversity in psychiatric diagnoses was that

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...

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One criticism of the DSM that is noted by your author is that it adheres to a _________ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder.

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...

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During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)

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Obsession

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What specific psychological disorder is marked by cycles of extreme activity and inactivity?

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...

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According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is

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a previous attempt

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After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from

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dissociative disorder

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False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as

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delusions

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Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

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It is caused by genetic, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

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A _______________________________ provides counseling, support in spiritual context, wellness programs, as well as group, family, and couples therapy.

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...

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Tommy is a seven year old boy with autism. Which of the following would be inconsistent with this diagnosis?

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...

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Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting?

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Psychiatrist

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George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called

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Transference

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Kennedy meets with a therapist who is trying to merge her "quiet expert" with her "risk taker" so that she'll become a complete "risky expert." This would be an example of

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...

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John slipped up last night at the party and had a glass of wine. He called his relapse prevention therapist immediately who told him it was okay, and that he needed to refocus on his sobriety and what led him to take that drink in the first place. John needed this validation and support to avoid

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...

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Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but rather will be an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model?

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Structural family therapy

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Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear.

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Systematic Desensitzation

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The ____________________ practitioners teach clients that negative thoughts such as "I'm worthless" are merely thoughts, not facts, while encouraging them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings, and act in keeping with their goals and values

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acceptance and commitment therapy

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Rico suffers from bipolar disorder. His psychiatrist will most likely prescribe

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...

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A major criticism of the use of medication for treating a child's ADHD is that A) parents and teachers are often allowed little input in whether a child must begin pharmacotherapy for his or her ADHD.

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...

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A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that

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A particular behavior is the result of a single casual factor

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Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on

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...

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Curtis is considering buying a new workout machine that promises weight loss at twice the rate of other machines. When Curtis questioned such a claim with the manufacturer, the customer service representative stated this was a new system and previous research on weight loss was not applicable. This example illustrates which warning sign of pseudoscience?

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...

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Assuming that something is so simply because a teacher or religious authority said it is so, is an example of the __________ fallacy.

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Appeal to Authority

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Dr. Wolpe designs an experimental test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conducting the appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. His willingness to accept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of

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scientific skepticism

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An astute observer of human nature should state research questions in a manner that leads either to their being supported or refuted by the available evidence. This is the critical thinking principle of

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falsifiability.

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A classmate tells you the following, "It's not how a teacher answers your question that matters but how you interpret his or her attempt at answering your question that leaves you satisfied or unsatisfied with his or her answer." This statement fits most closely with ideas from the school of thought known as

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cognitivism

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A __________ works in prisons, jails, and other settings to assess inmates and assist in rehabilitation

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Forensic Psychologist

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Which of the following ideas is the most compelling evidence against the idea of free will?

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...

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Wilhelm Wundt employed the technique of introspection in his research into the structure of the human mind. His research would best be characterized as __________ research.

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Applied

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Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

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...

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During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ______ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

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...

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play(s) a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract.

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Acetylcholine

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Long-term potentiation refers to

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Synapses that show stronger and pro;onged excitatory responses

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Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta's brain was injured?

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Motor Cortex

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The flight-or-fight response is mobilized by the

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sympathetic nervous system.

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Ali is in the hospital about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves taking many X-rays from different angles. What type of imaging technique is being used?

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Computed tomography (CT)

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Which of the following statements is true?

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...

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are slender threads inside of a cell's nucleus that carry genes.

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Chromosomes

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If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to

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...

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We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?

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Sleeping

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Abdulkadir had a very strange thing happen to him last night. He was sound asleep in bed, and he was dreaming that he was at a party when he won the $250 million dollar lottery spin. As everyone was screaming, jumping up and down, and celebrating, Abdulkadir had the strangest sensation that he was actually dreaming. As it turns out, unfortunately, he was right. What principle explains this experience?

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Lucid dreaming

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Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

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narcolepsy

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Sleepwalking occurs most often during ________ sleep

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stage 4

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Which theorist, attempting to explain what dreams are all about, suggested that there are two levels of content to each dream - the manifest content and the latent content.

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Freud

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Although he knows that it is wrong, Sean has a crush on his new stepmom. He dreams of the two of them running away together and living happily ever after. What aspect of dreaming does this represent?

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Repressed Desires

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It is tempting, based on anecdotal evidence, to believe that when we die we will be ushered into a utopian afterlife. After all, many who have had near death experiences (NDEs) have claimed to "see" this paradise waiting for them. There is no scientific evidence, however, to support these claims. This reminds us of which principle of critical thinking?

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Extraordinary Claims

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Which of the following general statements best expresses your authors' view of the general public's knowledge and understanding of hypnosis?

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...

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The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is an indication of

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physical dependence

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What is the most frequently used illegal drug in the United States ?

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marijuana

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Which of the following statements about learning is true?

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Learning and maturation are related but different concepts

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Mitzi and her husband went out for a nice dinner, where Mitzi ordered a diet Coke to go with her meal. When her drink was served, she took one sip and made a disgusted face. "That's not diet coke," Mitzi said with an irritated look. "That's a diet Pepsi." Mitzi's ability to distinguish one soda from another demonstrates

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Stimulus Discrimination

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The subject of the now-famous Watson and Raynor study of how fears might be classically conditioned was

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A nine-month old named Little Albert

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Thorndike's Law of Effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle?

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Positive Reinforcment

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Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

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Giving a child candy for completing their homework

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The situation of a student's final grade improving one letter grade for every three books read represents which level of reinforcement?

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Fixed ratio

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An animal trainer trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for circus. First the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair. Next the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally the line is even more food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example the line is being trained by

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shaping by successive approximations

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Concerning cognitive maps, which is likely true?

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...

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Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals ?

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Kohler

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Which theorist is responsible for suggesting that the distribution of phobias in the human population can be explained by biological preparedness?

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...

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Which of the following best illustrates the paradox of memory?

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...

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The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing

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semantic

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It is believed the __________ memory system may handle automatic remembering, while the __________ memory system requires conscious effort

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Implicit; Explicit

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While attempting to visit a friend in Boston, Enrique is struggling with his friend's directions. They go something like this, "Turn left at the ball park, right at the movie theater, go around the mall, and make a left turn." The directions are almost meaningless, because Enrique has never been to Boston before. Which of the following provides the best explanation for the breakdown in communication?

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...

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For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

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distributed practice

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The character of Dori from the movie Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short-term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she just met. What is a more likely explanation for her memory failure?

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Anterograde Amnesia

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An adult is able to remember that CIA stands for "Central Intelligence Agency," and yet a child is not. Why is this, according to your text?

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Because as we age our understanding of concepts increases

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Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims?

answer

Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age

question

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child. During the middle of the show, the trainer slipped, fell into the water, and was nearly killed. You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday. This is an example of which type of memory?

answer

Flashbulb

question

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when

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the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions

question

As symbolic systems of communication, most languages

answer

...

question

Our co-worker says, "It's awful in here." To understand what she means, we must

answer

Take into account that extralingustics information, such as location and facial expressions

question

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding sign language and talking

answer

...

question

Some believe that twins often share a secret and distinct language. Research suggests that

answer

twins may be more susceptible to language delays , which appear to some observers as distinct language forms

question

You just discovered a nomadic people who have lived in the desert their whole lives. Their language contains over 20 words to describe the various types and textures of sand contained in their environment. According to research on linguistic determinism, what is the likely origin for all of these terms?

answer

Their environment dictated that multiple terms be created to enhance their understanding

question

Young Jonah is learning to read, and his father writes MOMMY on a card and asks him to read it. When Jonah struggles, his father says "sound it out one letter at a time!" As Jonah does this, he eventually puts the sounds together and triumphantly shouts the correct word. What method has Jonah used to read this word?

answer

Phonetic Decomposition

question

It is possible to increase both our reading speed and comprehension, as long as our speed does not exceed ________ words per minute

answer

300

question

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

answer

heuristics

question

Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not totally certain if he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says "You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that's a lot of money," or "$32,000 is way more money than $16,000." There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of

answer

Framing

question

If I am given 10 math problems, and I can and do solve the first nine in the same way, I may struggle with the tenth problem if it requires a different method to solve it. This best illustrates the concept of

answer

Mental Sets

question

Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Sternberg, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel?

answer

Practical

question

Which subdivision of the cortex is most active on tasks involving planning, reasoning, and short-term memory?

answer

temporal lobe

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Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. What is his mental age?

answer

9

question

Which movement was Hitler's rise to power and his quest to produce the master race analogous to?

answer

Darwinism

question

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure

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the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised

question

Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3. What do these correlations suggest?

answer

...

question

IQs of Americans have gone up about ________ point(s) per decade since 1940.

answer

3

question

Dr. Cho wants to know if differences in the growth rate of fish are based on genetics or the environment. He buys two fish. Fish 1 is fed everyday, while fish 2 is fed every other day. At the end of a month, fish 1 is nearly 15 percent larger than fish 2. Considering the fish have nearly identical genetic makeup, what can Dr. Cho conclude?

answer

Environmental conditions were more favorable for fish 2

question

A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in

answer

divergent thinking

question

Marvis, the manager of a large business, always says, "Those are all great ideas, but now we need to pick the best one." What aspect of thought is Marvis focusing on?

answer

Convergent Thinking

question

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions are

answer

...

question

Val has a crush on Ilene. What is one thing he might do to make himself more desirable?

answer

stop by every day and say hello (social contact)

question

Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior is called

answer

nonverbal leakage

question

According to the scientific research, which of the follow statements is TRUE?

answer

...

question

Who is being driven by intrinsic motivation?

answer

Kira, who enjoys running marathons for the challenge

question

Manipulations that decrease glucose levels cause __________; ones that increase glucose levels cause __________.

answer

an increase in hunger; a decrease hunger

question

Which of the following factors is the best predictor of homosexuality?

answer

Being sexually attracted to the members of the same sex

question

Scientific research has suggested that ________ seems to be the most important criterion to judge female attractiveness in the eyes of men.

answer

waiste-to -hip ratio

question

According to the triangular theory of love proposed by Sternberg, ________ love is the ultimate love.

answer

Consummate

question

Josie and Manuel have been dating for 3 months. Josie likes to be around Manuel but doesn't feel any overwhelming emotions. This is one example of __________ love.

answer

Empty Love

question

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using

answer

emotion-focused coping

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Hassles are minor annoyances or nuisances that tax one's ability to cope

question

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

answer

exhaustion

question

Research into the post-event reactions of those who were living in New York City many months after the attacks on September 11, 2001 found which of the following to be true

answer

...

question

A lymphocyte is a type of __________ blood cell that plays a role in our body's immune system.

answer

...

question

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of

answer

coronary heart disease

question

People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it.

answer

...

question

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality.

answer

hardy

question

Which is true about the DARE program?

answer

...

question

"Like cures like" is the foundation of

answer

Homeopathy

question

Which of the following represents a shared environmental influence?

answer

...

question

What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud's ideas about women and their feelings of inferiority and the Oedipus complex?

answer

horney

question

Achak is upset. He tells his roommate that if his psychology teacher knew how to teach, Achak would not have flunked his midterm. What type of control is Achak demonstrating?

answer

Internal

question

According to the humanists, a key motive in human personality development was

answer

Self-Actualization

question

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are

answer

...

question

A key criticism of the trait perspective on personality development is that it

answer

fails to explain the cause of the differences in the various trait dimensions.

question

The __________ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests.

answer

MMPI

question

William's father wants him to join the army. William has no desire to join. What personality test could William fool the easiest into believing he had a psychological disorder that might keep him out of the army?

answer

...

question

One concern for your authors was that

answer

well-supported projective tests are used much less frequently than their less reliable and valid counterparts.

question

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life is called

answer

a mental disorder

question

Although their intent was noble, there was a major problem with the asylums that existed to help the mentally ill in the 15th century. What was that problem?

answer

...

question

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-IV-TR?

answer

It describes symptoms and include information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders

question

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble

answer

panic attack

question

Which of the following forms of depression, which develops within a month of childbirth, has become more widely discussed in recent years?

answer

Postpartum Depression

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding suicide?

answer

more women than men attempt suicide

question

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from

answer

depersonalization disorder

question

Believing that other people or the government is out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their

answer

delusions

question

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from

answer

a perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition

question

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter?

answer

...

question

Psychotherapy is an intervention designed to help people to deal with and manage

answer

Behavioral, emotional , and interpersonal problems

question

Your friend Maria asks you why seeing a mental health professional rather than a paraprofessional may be a better choice. You explain that

answer

...

question

In what brand of psychotherapy would a clinical psychologist attempt to uncover the underlying unconscious conflicts and impulses that are the cause of one's psychological difficulties?

answer

Psychoanalytical? psychodynamic

question

Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of

answer

...

question

Psychologists find group therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because

answer

...

question

In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand

answer

...

question

Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her

answer

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

question

Dedric is being asked to anticipate an upcoming tennis match against a highly ranked opponent. He is to imagine falling behind by one set, in a best of two of three sets match, and what he would say to himself in such a scenario. This example illustrates what Meichenbaum would call

answer

stress inoculation training

question

Suppose a friend asks you for advice about entering psychotherapy for his or her anxiety disorder. Which of the following recommendations should you make?

answer

Behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapies are most effective for this category of disorders.

question

Statisticians will often describe how extreme performances, both good and bad, tend to be followed by more average levels of performance. This ________ might be one explanation for why many psychotherapy patients improve regardless of the type of therapy received.

answer

regression to the mean

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