PSYCHOLOGY (PROLOGUE) – Flashcards
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Psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes SCIENTIFIC, BEHAVIOR, MENTAL PROCESSES
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Empiricism
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the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment BLANK SLATE, EXPERIENCE = KNOWLEDGE
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Wilhelm Wundt
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professor that established the first lab and experiment of modern psychology NUMBER WUNDT, FIRST LAB
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Edward Bradford Titchener
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Wundt's student that introduced structuralism to explore the elements of the mind STRUCTURALISM, INTROSPECTION, INSIDE INFORMATION
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Structuralism
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind SELF-REFLECT, TITCHENER, ELEMENTS
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William James
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psychologist that introduced functionalism, focused on the adaptive functions of the brain, and made a widely popular psychology textbook HAPPY GUY, FUNCTIONALISM, TEXTBOOK
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Functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish THINKING AN ADAPTATION, PROCESSES FUNCTION
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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female student privately tutored by William James that was denied Harvard's Ph.D. in psych despite outscoring all male students, became president of APA DENIED DEGREE, BECAME PRESIDENT
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D,; synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind FIRST WOMAN Ph.D., ANIMALS
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Sigmund Freud
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famed personality theorist and therapist whose controversial ideas on the unconscious influenced humanity's self-understanding SUBCONSCIOUS, CONTROVERSIAL, SEXUAL, MAGELLAN
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Psychoanalytic perspective
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Freud's theory of personality argued that human behavior results from the interaction of 3 parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. Placed great importance on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality FREUD, SUPEREGO, UNCONSCIOUS, BEHAVIOR, PAST
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Gestalt perspective
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brain does not act like a sponge (as a passive receiver of information) but actively filters, structures, and matches all incoming information against known patterns to make sense of it. BRAIN FILTERS, WHAT'S SEEN MAYBE NOT THERE
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Jean Piaget
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the Swiss psychologist best known for work on children MAGELLAN, OBSERVED CHILDREN
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning MAGELLAN, STUDY OF LEARNING
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John Watson
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flamboyant and provocative psychologist who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "scientific study of observable behavior" BEHAVIORALIST, LIKE SKINNER, PROVOCATIVE
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B.F. Skinner
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provocative psychologist who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "scientific study of observable behavior" BEHAVIORALIST, LIKE WATSON, PROVOCATIVE
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Dorothea Dix
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social reformer whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread international reforms. After seeing horrific conditions in a Massachusetts prison, she spent the next 40 years lobbying U.S. and Canadian legislators to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill. HELP MENTALLY ILL, INTERNATIONAL REFORMS
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Humanistic psychology
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a softer, 1960s response to Freudian psychology and behavioralism that emphasized importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, meeting needs of love and acceptance INFLUENCES, GROWTH POTENTIAL, LOVE
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Carl Rogers
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pioneer of humanistic psychology that found Freudian psychology and behaviorism too mechanistic and emphasized needs for love and acceptance HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY, LOVE
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G. Stanley Hall
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first president of American Psychological Association and first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology FIRST APA, FIRST PHD
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Nature-nurture
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the debate over whether human traits develop through experience or are inborn DEBATE, EXPERIENCE VS INHERENT
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Natural selection
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the mechanism for descent with modification that Darwin proposed through which nature selects those that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment DARWIN, EVOLUTION, BEST FIT
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Charles Darwin
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the student whose book Origin of Species rocked the biological world by introducing the concept of evolution, believed animal behavior was also covered by his theory EVOLUTION, BEHAVIOR ALSO INHERITED
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Biopsychosocial approach
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a general model or approach stating that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease ALL THREE MAKE DISEASE
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Neuroscience perspective
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how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences BRAIN FUNCTIONS, BLOOD CHEMISTRY MOOD?
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Evolutionary perspective
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how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes EVOLUTION AFFECTS BEHAVIOR?
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Behavior genetics
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how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences GENES OR ENVIRONMENT ACCOUNTABLE
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Psychodynamic perspective
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how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts UNCONSCIOUS AND CONFLICTS = BEHAVIOR, PAST
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Behavioral perspective
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how we learn observable responses LEARN OBSERVABLE RESPONSES
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Cognitive perspective
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how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information ENCODE, PROCESS, RETRIEVE INFO
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Social-cultural perspective
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how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures HOW BEHAVIOR VARY CULTURES
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Basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base PURE SCIENCE, BASE
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Applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems STUDY, SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
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Counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being ASSISTS PEOPLE, SCHOOL / MARRIAGE
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Clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders ASSESSES/TREATS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy DRUGS / THERAPY PSYCH DISORDERS
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Biological psychology
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field in which the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice. Researchers in this field study the biological basis of thoughts, emotions and behaviors MIND-BODY CONNECTION EXPLORED
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Cognitive psychology
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study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking ATTENTION, MEMORY, CREATIVITY, PERCEPTION
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Developmental psychology
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the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan HOW WE DEVELOP OVER LIFETIME
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Educational psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies children in an educational setting and is concerned with teaching and learning methods, cognitive development, and aptitude assessment. TEACHING / LEARNING METHODS, KIDS
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Experimental psychology
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the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals. INVESTIGATION PSYCH HUMANS /ANIMALS
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Human factors psychology
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scientific discipline which examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans PRODUCTS, SAFE, SATISFYING SYSTEMS, FACTORY
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Industrial-organizational psychology
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the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organization WORKPLACE, APPLY PSYCH 2 ORGANIZATION
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Personality psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation among individuals. Its areas of focus include: Construction of a coherent picture of the individual and their major psychological processes STUDY PERSONALITY VARIATION
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Psychometric psychology
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the science of measuring mental capacities and processes MEASURING MENTAL CAPACITY
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Social psychology
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the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. In this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation PRESENCE OF OTHERS INFLUENCE
