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Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. He currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for

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achievement

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How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?

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Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response.

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Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?

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A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion without ever having seen it.

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The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the

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common sense theory of emotion.

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Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the

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sympathetic nervous system

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Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings are known as

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display rules

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The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of a stimulus happen simultaneously is known as the

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cognitive arousal theory of emotion

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The theory that we experience emotion first with physical arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, shaky hands), which then leads to awareness of the emotion, is the

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James-Lange theory of emotion.

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Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?

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the left frontal lobe

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In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?

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anterior cingulate cortex

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The ________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.

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facial feedback hypothesis

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Physiologically, the body responds to anger with:

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higher heart rate and blood pressure

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Which of the following is an element of emotion?

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physical arousal

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In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment, participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry, and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. What was the main objective of this experiment?

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to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion

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Sensation seekers:

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need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences.

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In the ________ approach to motivation, behavior is explained in terms of an external stimulus and its rewarding properties.

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incentive

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An example of a stimulus motive is:

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exploration.

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The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called:

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a drive.

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According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's:

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hereditary factors.

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One of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on:

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biologically determined patterns of behavior.

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Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and

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autonomy.

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The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of

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extrinsic motivation

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Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

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insulin

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The role of the lateral hypothalamus is:

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to trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up.

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The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as:

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the weight set point

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________ are sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.

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Secondary sex characteristics

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The ______ are organs present in an embryo that are undifferentiated—not yet male or female.

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gonads

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_______ are sexual organs present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction

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Primary sex characteristics

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Which of the following is an example of male secondary sex characteristics?

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a deeper voice

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Which of the following is an example of female primary sex characteristics?

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ovaries

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Masters and Johnson are known for research concerning:

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the physical responses that occur during sexual activity.

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A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex is called:

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sexual orientation

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Alfred Kinsey is most known for:

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the report he published concerning human sexual behavior and the different ways in which people engage in the sex act.

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A person who is either male or female and is attracted to both sexes is called:

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bisexual.

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The most common sexually transmitted infection is:

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chlamydia

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The _______ theory attributes gender-role development to learning behavior through observation and imitation of models.

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social learning

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An individual's sense of being male or female is called:

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gender identity

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The process of acquiring gender-role characteristics is called

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gender typing.

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The psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine are known as:

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gender

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The characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex is called:

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androgyny.

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The ______ theory proposes that gender identity is acquired as a child develops a mental pattern for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that mental pattern.

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gender schema

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Research has shown that cultures that are more ______ and have high standards of living are more nontraditional in gender role expectations, while cultures that are more ______ and have less wealth are more traditional in gender role expectations.

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individualistic; collectivistic

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Studies have shown that infant girls exposed to _______ hormones before birth were found to behave as "tomboys," displaying more masculine characteristics.

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androgen

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Prejudice that is more socially acceptable but still leads to unequal treatment of men and women is:

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benevolent sexism.

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The term _____ refers to people whose sense of gender identity does not always match their external appearance or their sex chromosomes.

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transgendered

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_______ is the culture's expectations for either masculine or feminine behavior, including actions, attitudes, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.

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Gender role

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A sexual condition in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable is called:

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a paraphilia.

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________ are types of sexual problems caused by physical sources or disorders.

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Organic dysfunctions

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Organic factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors can all be causes of:

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sexual dysfunction.

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One of the earliest studies of the impact of biological factors on sexual orientation found that if the mother experienced severe stress during the second trimester:

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the chance of a male child becoming homosexual is significantly higher

Psychology practice questions 8-10 – Flashcards

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