question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

answer

generalization

question

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

answer

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

question

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of

answer

an unconditioned stimulus

question

A dog will most rapidly learn to roll over on command if the dog's trainer uses

answer

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

answer

operant conditioning

question

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

We learn to link two stimuli and anticipate events through

answer

classical conditioning

question

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

question

If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

answer

associative learning

question

It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths.

answer

mirror neurons

question

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

answer

shaping

question

A stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its link with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

A learned association between behavior and a resulting event is central to

answer

operant conditioning

question

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was called

answer

behaviorism

question

The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of

answer

vicarious reinforcement

question

Before learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung, Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee

answer

neutral stimulus

question

Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by

answer

delayed reinforcers

question

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

answer

modeling

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

answer

cognitive processes

question

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

answer

continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement

question

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

answer

working

question

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

answer

a mental image of one's best friend

question

The gradual fading of a physical memory trace contributes to

answer

storage decay

question

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

answer

source amnesia

question

Learning a new debit card password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

answer

retroactive interference

question

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

answer

flashbulb

question

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

answer

hippocampus

question

When you have to make a long-distance call, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number with its unfamiliar area code plus seven digits, This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

answer

short-term

question

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

answer

motivated forgetting

question

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

answer

chunking

question

A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a

answer

memory trace

question

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

answer

adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

question

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

answer

flashbulb memories

question

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

answer

retrieval cues

question

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs.

answer

repression

question

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

answer

memory

question

It's easier to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes by using the first letters of the lakes to create the single word "homes." This strategy best illustrates the value of

answer

chunking

question

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

answer

proactive interference

question

Our assumptions about the past often influence how information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

answer

memory construction.

question

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

answer

retrieval

question

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted, their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused. This best illustrates

answer

the spillover effect

question

Narcissism refers to feeling

answer

self-important

question

A starving rat will lose all interest in food if a specific neural center within the ________ is destroyed.

answer

arcuate nucleus

question

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling on a snake illustrates the importance of the

answer

amygdala

question

Some students work hard in school to get high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

incentives

question

Obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost very little of their weight. This limited weight loss was due, at least in part, to the fact that their dietary restriction led to a(n)

answer

decrease in their metabolic rate.

question

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

answer

perspiration

question

The stress normally experienced by refugees is lessened by chain migration. This best illustrates the importance of ________ needs.

answer

belongingness

question

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

answer

the James-Lange theory

question

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

answer

low; high

question

Which of the following would be the BEST advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

answer

"Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits."

question

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

answer

dilation of his pupils

question

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates

answer

the spillover effect

question

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

answer

settling point

question

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of

answer

the James-Lange theory

question

Our ________ is said to be an indication of how socially accepted we feel.

answer

self-esteem

question

We experience hunger when the level of

answer

glucose in our blood is low

question

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

answer

parasympathetic

question

Financial satisfaction is a better predictor of well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly support

answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

question

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.

answer

contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils

question

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

answer

cognitive activity

question

A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological needs for competence and

answer

autonomy

question

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. This is called

answer

the spillover effect

question

When an organism's weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n)

answer

decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate.

question

Compared with those who chose from among 30 different brands of jam, those who chose from among just 6 brands expressed

answer

more satisfaction with their choice.

question

B lymphocytes release antibodies that fight ________; T lymphocytes release antibodies that fight ________

answer

bacterial infections; viral infections

question

To reduce the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates

answer

emotion-focused coping.

question

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? a) Stress hormones speed up the "hardening" of the arteries. b) Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart. c) Stress hormones suppress the activity of the immune system. d) Stress hormones trigger the release of oxytocin.

answer

c) Stress hormones suppress the activity of the immune system.

question

AIDS is caused by

answer

a viral infection.

question

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

answer

body's response to prolonged stress

question

Subjective well-being refers to

answer

self-perceived happiness

question

One possible explanation for the longer life expectancy of religiously active people is that

answer

they receive more social support

question

In research studies, dogs who were able to escape shocks experienced

answer

personal control

question

It has been suggested that a stable worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with

answer

religious involvement

question

Kathy reduced the stress of breaking up with her boyfriend in two ways. She avoided contact with her ex-boyfriend and she planned recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrate

answer

emotion-focused coping.

question

One of the important agents of the immune system is

answer

the macrophage

question

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of

answer

stress appraisal.

question

Compared with monkeys left in stable groups, those who were housed with three or four new roommates each month were more likely to experience

answer

weaker immune system responses.

question

Compared with Type B personalities, Type A people are more likely to experience

answer

coronary heart disease.

question

In response to stress, ________ release(s) stress hormones into the bloodstream.

answer

the adrenal glands

question

Prisoners allowed to move their furniture and adjust their lighting feel less stress. This best illustrates the value of

answer

perceived control.

question

The passive resignation of learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with

answer

an external locus of control.

question

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of

answer

the adaptation-level phenomenon

question

The best way to increase the production of serotonin is to

answer

engage in aerobic exercise.

question

The tend-and-befriend response refers to

answer

an alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be more common in women.

question

Type D individuals are at significant risk for mortality and nonfatal heart attack because they

answer

suppress their negative emotion to avoid social disapproval.

question

Which of these factors have researchers NOT found to relate to happiness

answer

education

question

Which of the following statements concerning Type A and B persons is true? a) Even when relaxed, Type A persons have higher blood pressure than Type B persons. b) When stressed, Type A persons redistribute blood flow to the muscles and away from internal organs. c) Type B persons tend to suppress anger more than Type A persons. d) Type A persons tend to be more outgoing than Type B persons.

answer

b) When stressed, Type A persons redistribute blood flow to the muscles and away from internal organs.

question

AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's

answer

immune system

question

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?

answer

exhaustion

Psychology Part 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards