Psychology: Language & Problem Solving Topic Test – Flashcards
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The use of spoken sound and written words to represent objects, ideas, and events refers to the __________ property of language.
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C. symbolic
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The rules of language dictating how phrases and sentences are constructed refers to the __________ property of language.
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B. structured
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The smallest units in a language that carry meaning, such as "the," are called __________.
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D. morphemes
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__________ refers to the set of rules concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.
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C. Semantics
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Which of the following statements about language is true?
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Languages use spoken sounds, written words, and signs to represent ideas and events.
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__________, which varies among languages, is the set of rules for arranging words into sentences.
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C. Syntax
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Roxanne's Italian teacher was talking about how adjectives are placed after the noun, unlike in English. The teacher is instructing the students in the __________ of Italian.
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syntax
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How many morphemes are there in the word "bats"?
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B. two
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How could semantics be defined?
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B. as a set of rules that is concerned with understanding the meaning of words
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How many phonemes are there in the word "dogs"?
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A. four
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Which of the following statements about grammar is not true?
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D. Grammar is universal and is similar in most languages.
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Which of the following statements about language is true?
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IS NOT B. Language is structured and dictates which words can represent ideas.
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Erica and Ryan are both taking a linguistics class in which their professor was discussing how the words "spinach" or "heart" could have been used to represent the idea of "love." They are most likely discussing the __________ property of language in their class.
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IS NOT A. generative
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A child who says, "Give cookie," rather than "Will you give me a cookie?" is demonstrating __________.
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B. telegraphic speech
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Becoming aware of the multiple meanings of spoken or written language, such as recognizing metaphors and sarcasm, is __________.
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C. metalinguistic awareness
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__________ was a nativist theorist who believed that individuals were born with an innate device or process that assisted in language development.
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B. Noam Chomsky
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The hypothesis that language shapes thought is known as __________.
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B. linguistic relativity
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According to the __________ theories, nature and nurture are both important to language development.
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D. interactionist
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Some researchers suggest that primates are able to do all of the following except __________.
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A. master rules of syntax
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The ability to learn new words after being exposed to it once is __________.
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D. fast mapping
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When a child uses the word "cat" to refer to the family cat but not any other cats, __________ occurs.
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underextension
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A child who says, "My toy car breaked," or "I runned up the hill," is demonstrating __________.
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C. overregularization
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Linguistic relativity is the hypothesis that an individual's language __________.
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IS NOT
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When a person's first language affects the pronunciation and grammatical pattern of the second language, it is called __________.
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C. linguistic interference
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An innate mechanism that assists individuals in the development of language is the __________.
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B. language acquisition device (LAD)
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Which of the following statements concerning bilingualism is not correct?
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A. Research indicates that bilingualism has serious negative effects on language development.
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After a solution has been selected and planned, the next step is to __________.
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D. implement the solution
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A __________ is an effort or strategy to achieve a goal or a solution to a problem that is not readily apparent.
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A. concept
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The heuristic that allows one to see the problem from a different perspective and is most effective if there is a specific endpoint is __________.
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C. working backwards
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When one uses intermediate steps or tasks to reach a goal, he or she is using the heuristic strategy of __________.
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C. using subgoals
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Which problem solving strategy looks at every possible alternative?
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B. algorithm
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Read the example below and answer the question that follows. John was asked to solve a series of six math problems. He was able to solve the first five problems using a specific sequence of operations. John got stuck on the sixth problem because the solution he used before did not work. John is most likely experiencing __________.
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A. mental set
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When individuals attempt to use old strategies that do not work when solving new problems, they are __________.
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experiencing mental set
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In which step of the problem solving process should you write a concise statement about the problem?
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D. identifying and defining the problem
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Individuals who have difficulty using a tool for anything other than its proper use may have difficulty solving a problem due to __________.
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C. experiencing functional fixedness
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Which type of thinking uses creativity and yields solutions that are original and creative?
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D. productive
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Problem solving is an active effort to attain a goal that is __________.
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C. not readily attainable
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In the third step of the problem solving process, in which one generates a range of solutions, one should __________.
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A. avoid ruling our or selecting a solution
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Anthony needs to buy a new phone, so he narrows down the list of possible phones by eliminating those that don't meet certain criteria. Which strategy is Anthony most likely using?
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B. elimination by aspects strategy
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Having a lot of choices when making a decision could cause someone to __________.
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C. feel post-decision regret
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In relation to potato chips, consumers respond better to advertisements that describe them as being 75 percent fat free than having 25 percent of fat. This illustrates the concept of __________.
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C. framing
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The tendency to search for information until finding something that matches one's own feelings is referred to as _________ .
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A. confirmation bias
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Losing 50 dollars may affect one's level of happiness more than winning 50 dollars. This illustrates the concept of __________ aversion.
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A. loss
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What heuristic estimates the probability of something occurring based on how easily one recalls relevant occurrences of the event?
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availability
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The tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than one should, based on probability or past experience is __________.
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B. overconfidence
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The belief that the odds of two events occurring together are greater than the odds of either event occurring alone is the __________.
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conjunction fallacy
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The __________ heuristic is the method in which one chooses the alternative they recognize and infers that it has greater value.
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B. recognition
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In the decision-making process, the last step is to __________.
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C. select the option
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What does the subjective utility of a decision involve?
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A. The probability that the decision an individual makes will be the incorrect one.
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Risky decision making occurs when an individual makes a decision __________.
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B. under uncertain conditions
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When does the confirmation bias occur?
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IS NOT C. When an individual becomes more confident in one's judgments after researching alternative perspectives.
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Mark is 6'4, weighs 200 pounds, and is very muscular. People who think that Mark is more likely to be a football player than an engineer are victims of __________.
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C. the representativeness heuristic
