Psychology Final Exam Answers – Flashcards

The young science of psychology devloped from the more established fields of philosophy and…

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ____________ perspective on depression.

Which perspective studies the relative contrivutions of our genes and our environment on our individual differences?

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

Clinical psychologists specialize in

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

The hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists assaumptions and hidden values best illustrates

The study of the links between physiology activity and psychological events is called

Dendrites are branching extensions of

The function of dendrites is to

An axon is

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an elctrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a…

a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. this indicates that a neuron’s reaction is…

A synapse is a

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

Neurotrasmitters are released from the knoblike terminals at the end of the…

Reuptake refers to the

Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of…

Schizophrenia is most cloely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter

Alzheimer’s disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neuronsthat produce

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems

The central nervous system consists of

Information travels through axons that are bundled into the “cables” that we call

For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, _________ must first relay incoming pain messages from your ankle to your spinal cord.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?

A simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain is called a

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is…

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the

Which brain structure relays information fro the eyes to the visual cortex?

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?

Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat’s

The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the

Which lobes of the brain receive tha input that enables you to feel someone scratching your backi

Auditory stimulation is first processed in the _______ lobes.

The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to _________.

After Miguel’s recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca’s area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty

After Paul’s serious snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernick’s area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce

The scientific study of behavior and mental process is the definition of

The labels “easy” “difficult” and “slow-to-warm-up” are used to refer to differences in an infant’s

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to _________.

Consciousness is

Circadian rhythm refers to

Fast and jerky movements of gthe eyes are especialy likely to be associated with

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called

Genital arousal is mostg likely to be associagted with

Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with _______ sleep.

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

Chronic sleep deprivation is likely to

A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called

Narcolepsy is a disorder involving

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessationsof breathing while asleep?

REM rebound involves the

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called _____________ drugs

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug before experiencing its effects is an indicaton of

Depressants are drugs such as

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

Physical pain and intense cravings indicate

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and _______ changes throughout the human life cycle.

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a

One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is

Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the

Compusive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of

One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the _________ reward system.

Maturation refers to

Olivia understand her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget’s ___________ stage.

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister’s teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a

At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates

The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called

Children’s sense that their parents ate trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ______________ parents.

Comopared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

Adolescence extends from

People experience rapid physical growth and sexual maturation during

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ______________ morality.

Accoding to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

Adolescense is typically a time of

A development stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during

Menopause refers to

Aerobic exercise programs during late adulthood stimulate improvement in

Older people’s capacity to learn and remember meaningful material does not decline as much as their capacity to learn and remember meaningless material. This best illustrates the value of

The terminal decline phenomenon involves a decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of

People have been most likely to describe themselves as a “sandwich generation” during their

After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohavitation most strongly suggest that

Abner, a 70 year old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Freud’s interest in unconscious conflicts

Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attemp to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patient’s symptoms?

The pleasure principle is to the _________ as the reality principle is to the _________

The superego is the part of personality that

Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques

According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and

According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one’s potential is the motivation for

The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic

Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined in managing his or her work?

An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of the ___________ perspective.

Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism

Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the “system” is so biased against his ethnic group tha he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio’s thinking most clearly demonstrates

Which of the following terms is used to describe the study of positive emotions, desirable character traits, and enabling communities?

Ongoing pattrns of behavior that interfere with normal day to day life are best characterized as

The conceptionof psychological disoders as biologically based sickness is known as the

A biopsychological approach to sustance abuse would be most likely to emphasize

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-IV-TR in order to _________ various psychological disorders.

Researcheers recently estimated that approximately ___________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder in a given year.

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called

The number one reason people seek mental health services is

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

Mania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering

Compared with men, women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

Which group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?

False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia includes

Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely sufferign from _______ schizophrenia.

Symptoms of withdrawal follwoing the siappearance of hallucianation and delusions are most indicative of ______ schizophrenia

An abnormal shrinkage of ________ is most likely to be associated with schizophrenia

Evidence suggests that _______ contribute(s) to schizophrenia

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

While he was studying, Matthew was suddently overwhelmed by feeling of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from

Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of certain

An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the indicative of certain

Sadie is so faearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety tha she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she working at home. Sadie’s behavior is most charactic of

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of

Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to _________ as reapeatedly washing your hands is to ___________.

The incidence of OCD is greatest among

The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illutrate symptoms of

Two yyears after being brutally beaten and raped, Brianna still experiences jmpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physicl cause is a

Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of _________ disorders.

The experience of multiple personalities is most likely to be characterized by

Psychologycal disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called______ disorders.

Those with narcissistic personality disorder are likey to be preoccupied with

Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

Ther term psychopath has been used to refer to an individual with

Those with a histrionic personality disorder are most likely to display

One cluster of personality disorders marked by noticeably odd or eccentric behavior is exaemplified by the _______ personality disorder.

According to the text, learning involves

Conditioning is the process of

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

John B. Watson considered himself to be an

In classical conditioning a stiulus that elicits no response before conditionning is called

In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivry conditioning of dogs the US was

In Pavlov’s experiments the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was an

In Pavlov’s experiments the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles.

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggest that associative learning involves

Garcia and Koelling’s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Pavlov’s researh on classical conditioning was important because

Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustates the process of

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

B.F. Skinner’s work elborated what technology tha included a procedure known as

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as

Five-year- old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is an

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response , strengthens the response is called

Positive reinforcers _______ the rate of operant responding and negative

Mason, a stckbroker runs two miles every day after work becuase it redues his level of stress. Mason’s running havit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing powe by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ______ reinforcer.

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. the money was an

A response is learned most rapidly most resistant to extinctio if it is acquired under conditions of

resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _______ reinforcement.

The way sot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is renforced only after an

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rahter than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

Rates of operant responding are __________ for fixed- ratio than for fixed-interval schedules they are __________ for vaiable-ratio than for vaiable-interval schedules.

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _______ schedule

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learnned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a __________schedule.

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effect of

Positve punishment is the introduction of an _______ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of an___________ stimulus following a behavior.

The use of physicl punishment may

When grocery shopping with his mother 4 yr old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent training experts would suggest that his mother should

The study of respndent behavior is to_______ as the study of operant behavior is to ____________

Our avilitgy to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

Mirror neurions provide a biological basis for

Children are helped by ______ to develop a theory of mind.

The reduced imitative yawining displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of

Who highlight the importance of observational learning?

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtred his own youger siblings. this best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence __________ increased rates of violent behavior.

Desensitization and imitation are tow factors that contribute to