question

The text defines personality as _____________

answer

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

question

Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind?

answer

The psychoanalytic perspective

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Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud.

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Oral; anal; phallic; latency, genital

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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing ________

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Anxiety

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Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that _______

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Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts

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Which of Freud's ideas would NOT be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?

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Development is essentially fixed in childhood

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Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because ____________

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They have low reliability and low validity

question

Id is to ego as _______ is to __________

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Pleasure principle; reality principle

question

Contemporary research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ______ than for defense mechanisms such as _________

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Reaction formation; projection

question

According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between ____________

answer

Our biological impulses and the social restraints against them

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The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the _______

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Phallic Stage

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Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory?

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There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious"

question

According to Freud, __________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ___________

answer

Identification;superegos

question

Which of the following refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs?

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The false consensus effect

question

Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysenck's emphasized?

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Extraversion-Introversion and Emotional stability-instability

question

Which regard to personality, it appears that ___________

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There is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span

question

Humanistic theories of personality ___________

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Emphasize the growth potential of "healthy" individuals

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According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are __________

answer

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

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A major criticism of trait theory is that it ________

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Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations

question

For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our _______ is _______ or __________

answer

Self-Concept; Positive; Negative

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In studying personality, a trait theorist would MOST LIKELY __________

answer

Use a personality inventory

question

The _______ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types

answer

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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The Minnesota Multi-Phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n) ____________

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Empirically derived and objective personality test

question

Trait theory attempts to __________

answer

Describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways

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Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?

answer

All of these are common criticisms

question

The Big Five personality factors are __________

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Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness

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In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but _______

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Altruism

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Research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that ___________

answer

Some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase

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Regarding high school self-esteem, psychologists who study the self have found that self-affirming thinking __________

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Is generally maladaptive to the individual because it reduces shyness, anxiety, and loneliness

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Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?

answer

It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person

question

Which personality theory emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?

answer

Social-Cognitive

question

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently _______

answer

More critical of others

question

An example of self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to _________

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Accept more responsibility for successes than failures

question

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

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People with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists

question

In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would MOST LIKELY make use of _________

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Observing behavior in different situations

question

The criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered ________

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Vary by culture and with time

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Today, psychologists take the view that disordered behaviors __________

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Arise from the interaction of nature and nurture

question

The view that all behavior arises from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the _________ approach

answer

Biopsychosocial

question

In a given year, which of the follow is(are) the most commonly reported of the psychological disorders?

answer

Depressive disorders

question

Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders such as __________, are universal, whereas others, such as __________, are culture-bound

answer

depression; anxiety disorder

question

Mental heath workers use the DSM-5's diagnosis criteria and codes to ________

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Doing all these things

question

Which of the following is true concerning a "clinically significant disturbance"?

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It interferes with normal day-to-day life

question

The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ________ model of psychological disorders.

answer

Biopsychosocial

question

Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to _______

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Evil Spirits

question

Which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behavior is NOT true?

answer

Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders

question

Which of the following is true of the medical model?

answer

It views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable

question

Behavior is classified as disordered when it represents a significant dysfunction in __________

answer

All of these aspects

question

Because of some troubling thoughts, Carl recently had a PET scan of his brain that revealed excess activity in the anterior cingulate area. Carl's psychiatrist believes that Carl suffered from __________

answer

OCD

question

Which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?

answer

All of these findings were presented

question

The psychodynamic perspective would most likely view phobias as __________

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Displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses

question

Which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?

answer

All of these provide evidence

question

Psychodynamic and learning theorists both agree that OCD and PTSD are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with __________

answer

Anxiety

question

Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may partly result from the fact that when stressful experiences occur _________

answer

Women tend to think, while men tend to act

question

Which of the following is NOT true concerning depression?

answer

Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular fact or event

question

In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would ____________

answer

Increase levels of norepinephrine

question

Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

answer

Norepinephrine

question

The DSM-5's new diagnosis for disruptive moos dysregulation disorder __________

answer

Is controversial because its effect is as yet unknown

question

Social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with __________

answer

All of these characteristics

question

Which of the following is NOT true of depressive disorders and bipolar disorder, according to the biological perspective?

answer

Activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding schizophrenia?

answer

It occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined

question

The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to __________

answer

Lessen the hallucinations of schizophrenia

question

Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of ______

answer

Hearing

question

Hearing voices would be _________; believing that you are Napoleon would be _________

answer

A hallucination; a delusion

question

When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called _______ schizophrenia, recovery is ________

answer

process; unlikely

question

Many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in ________

answer

Selective attention

question

Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ______ during prenatal development

answer

A viral infection contracted

question

Among the following, which is generally accepted as a possible cause of schizophrenia?

answer

A genetic predisposition

question

When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial personality disorder, as compared to normal people, show_________

answer

Less fear and less autonomic arousal

question

Which of the following is true concerning eating disorders?

answer

All of these statements are true

question

Nicholas Spanos consideres dissociative identity disorder to be __________

answer

Merely role playing

question

Although the cause of eating disorders is still unknown, proposed explanations focus on all of the follow EXCEPT _________

answer

Metabolic factors

question

Women in ________ consider "bigger" to be the ideal body shape.

answer

Countries in Africa, where thinness can signal poverty

question

The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her mind is called __________; it is favored by _________ therapists

answer

Free association; psychoanalytic

question

Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its non-directive nature?

answer

Humanistic therapy

question

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychoanalysis?

answer

It gives therapists too much control over patients

question

Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies?

answer

They are more effective

question

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to __________

answer

Alter the way people think and act

question

An eclectic psychotherapist is one who ____________

answer

Uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem

question

The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a non-directive is called ___________

answer

Active listening

question

Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy __________

answer

Focuses on current relationships

question

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are ___________

answer

Conditioned responses

question

The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called ____________

answer

A token economy

question

One variety of _________ therapy is based on the finding that depressed people often attribute their failures to __________

answer

Cognitive; themselves

question

Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of _________

answer

Humanistic; client-centered therapy

question

Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as _________

answer

Aversive conditioning

question

Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individuals inherent potential for self-fulfillment?

answer

Humanistic therapy

question

Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?

answer

Behavior therapy

question

The techniques of counterconditioning are based on the principles of __________

answer

Classical conditioning

question

In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

answer

Systematic Desensitization

question

Principles of operation conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?

answer

The token economy

question

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?

answer

All of these are criticisms of behavior therapy

question

Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?

answer

Cognitive therapy

question

Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on ________

answer

How family tensions may cause individual problems

question

One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that __________

answer

Patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences

question

The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients' perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found?

answer

Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results

question

The results of outcome research on the effectiveness of different psychotherapies reveal that ____________

answer

All of these statements are true

question

A person can derive benefits from psychotherapy simply by believing in it. This illustrates the importance of _____________

answer

The placebo effect

question

Before 1950, the main mental health providers were

answer

Psychiatrist

question

Light exposure therapy has proven useful as a form of treatment for people suffering from ___________

answer

A seasonal pattern in depression symptoms

question

Which of the following therapies is MOST likely to be successful in treating depression?

answer

Cognitive therapy

question

Among the common ingredients of the psychotherapies is ___________

answer

All of these are common ingredients

question

Electroconvulsive therapy is most useful in the treatment of ____________

answer

Personality disorders

question

Which biomedical therapy is MOST likely to be practiced today?

answer

Drug therapy

question

The antipsychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking receptor sites of _______

answer

Dopamine

question

Psychologists who advocate a _______ approach to mental health contend that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing the disturbed individual's ___________

answer

Preventative; environment

question

Antidepressant drugs are believed to work by affecting serotonin or __________

answer

Norepinephrine

question

After many years of taking antipsychotic drugs, Greg's face; muscles sometimes twitch involuntarily. This is behavior is called __________

answer

Tardive Dyskinesia

question

Which of the following is the mood-stabilizing drug most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?

answer

Lithium

question

The type of drugs criticized for reducing symptoms without resolving underlying problems are the _________ drugs

answer

Anti-anxiety

question

The lobotomy procedure is not widely used today because __________

answer

All of these reasons

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