Psychology Final Exam Flashcards
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The text defines personality as _____________
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind?
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The psychoanalytic perspective
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Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud.
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Oral; anal; phallic; latency, genital
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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing ________
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Anxiety
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Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that _______
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Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts
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Which of Freud's ideas would NOT be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?
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Development is essentially fixed in childhood
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Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because ____________
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They have low reliability and low validity
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Id is to ego as _______ is to __________
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Pleasure principle; reality principle
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Contemporary research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ______ than for defense mechanisms such as _________
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Reaction formation; projection
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According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between ____________
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Our biological impulses and the social restraints against them
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The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the _______
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Phallic Stage
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Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory?
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There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious"
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According to Freud, __________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ___________
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Identification;superegos
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Which of the following refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs?
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The false consensus effect
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Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysenck's emphasized?
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Extraversion-Introversion and Emotional stability-instability
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Which regard to personality, it appears that ___________
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There is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span
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Humanistic theories of personality ___________
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Emphasize the growth potential of "healthy" individuals
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According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are __________
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Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
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A major criticism of trait theory is that it ________
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Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations
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For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our _______ is _______ or __________
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Self-Concept; Positive; Negative
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In studying personality, a trait theorist would MOST LIKELY __________
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Use a personality inventory
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The _______ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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The Minnesota Multi-Phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n) ____________
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Empirically derived and objective personality test
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Trait theory attempts to __________
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Describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways
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Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?
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All of these are common criticisms
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The Big Five personality factors are __________
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Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
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In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but _______
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Altruism
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Research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that ___________
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Some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase
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Regarding high school self-esteem, psychologists who study the self have found that self-affirming thinking __________
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Is generally maladaptive to the individual because it reduces shyness, anxiety, and loneliness
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Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
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It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person
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Which personality theory emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?
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Social-Cognitive
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Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently _______
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More critical of others
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An example of self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to _________
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Accept more responsibility for successes than failures
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Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?
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People with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists
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In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would MOST LIKELY make use of _________
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Observing behavior in different situations
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The criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered ________
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Vary by culture and with time
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Today, psychologists take the view that disordered behaviors __________
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Arise from the interaction of nature and nurture
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The view that all behavior arises from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the _________ approach
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Biopsychosocial
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In a given year, which of the follow is(are) the most commonly reported of the psychological disorders?
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Depressive disorders
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Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders such as __________, are universal, whereas others, such as __________, are culture-bound
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depression; anxiety disorder
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Mental heath workers use the DSM-5's diagnosis criteria and codes to ________
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Doing all these things
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Which of the following is true concerning a "clinically significant disturbance"?
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It interferes with normal day-to-day life
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The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ________ model of psychological disorders.
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Biopsychosocial
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Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to _______
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Evil Spirits
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Which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behavior is NOT true?
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Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders
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Which of the following is true of the medical model?
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It views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable
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Behavior is classified as disordered when it represents a significant dysfunction in __________
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All of these aspects
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Because of some troubling thoughts, Carl recently had a PET scan of his brain that revealed excess activity in the anterior cingulate area. Carl's psychiatrist believes that Carl suffered from __________
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OCD
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Which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?
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All of these findings were presented
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The psychodynamic perspective would most likely view phobias as __________
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Displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses
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Which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected to the evolutionary process?
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All of these provide evidence
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Psychodynamic and learning theorists both agree that OCD and PTSD are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with __________
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Anxiety
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Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may partly result from the fact that when stressful experiences occur _________
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Women tend to think, while men tend to act
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Which of the following is NOT true concerning depression?
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Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular fact or event
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In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would ____________
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Increase levels of norepinephrine
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Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?
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Norepinephrine
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The DSM-5's new diagnosis for disruptive moos dysregulation disorder __________
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Is controversial because its effect is as yet unknown
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Social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with __________
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All of these characteristics
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Which of the following is NOT true of depressive disorders and bipolar disorder, according to the biological perspective?
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Activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding schizophrenia?
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It occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined
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The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to __________
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Lessen the hallucinations of schizophrenia
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Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of ______
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Hearing
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Hearing voices would be _________; believing that you are Napoleon would be _________
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A hallucination; a delusion
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When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called _______ schizophrenia, recovery is ________
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process; unlikely
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Many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in ________
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Selective attention
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Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ______ during prenatal development
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A viral infection contracted
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Among the following, which is generally accepted as a possible cause of schizophrenia?
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A genetic predisposition
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When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial personality disorder, as compared to normal people, show_________
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Less fear and less autonomic arousal
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Which of the following is true concerning eating disorders?
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All of these statements are true
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Nicholas Spanos consideres dissociative identity disorder to be __________
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Merely role playing
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Although the cause of eating disorders is still unknown, proposed explanations focus on all of the follow EXCEPT _________
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Metabolic factors
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Women in ________ consider "bigger" to be the ideal body shape.
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Countries in Africa, where thinness can signal poverty
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The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her mind is called __________; it is favored by _________ therapists
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Free association; psychoanalytic
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Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its non-directive nature?
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Humanistic therapy
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Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychoanalysis?
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It gives therapists too much control over patients
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Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies?
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They are more effective
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to __________
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Alter the way people think and act
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An eclectic psychotherapist is one who ____________
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Uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem
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The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a non-directive is called ___________
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Active listening
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Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy __________
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Focuses on current relationships
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The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are ___________
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Conditioned responses
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The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called ____________
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A token economy
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One variety of _________ therapy is based on the finding that depressed people often attribute their failures to __________
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Cognitive; themselves
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Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of _________
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Humanistic; client-centered therapy
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Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as _________
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Aversive conditioning
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Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individuals inherent potential for self-fulfillment?
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Humanistic therapy
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Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?
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Behavior therapy
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The techniques of counterconditioning are based on the principles of __________
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Classical conditioning
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In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?
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Systematic Desensitization
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Principles of operation conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?
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The token economy
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Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?
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All of these are criticisms of behavior therapy
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Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?
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Cognitive therapy
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Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on ________
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How family tensions may cause individual problems
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One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that __________
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Patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences
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The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients' perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found?
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Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results
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The results of outcome research on the effectiveness of different psychotherapies reveal that ____________
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All of these statements are true
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A person can derive benefits from psychotherapy simply by believing in it. This illustrates the importance of _____________
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The placebo effect
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Before 1950, the main mental health providers were
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Psychiatrist
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Light exposure therapy has proven useful as a form of treatment for people suffering from ___________
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A seasonal pattern in depression symptoms
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Which of the following therapies is MOST likely to be successful in treating depression?
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Cognitive therapy
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Among the common ingredients of the psychotherapies is ___________
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All of these are common ingredients
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Electroconvulsive therapy is most useful in the treatment of ____________
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Personality disorders
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Which biomedical therapy is MOST likely to be practiced today?
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Drug therapy
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The antipsychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking receptor sites of _______
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Dopamine
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Psychologists who advocate a _______ approach to mental health contend that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing the disturbed individual's ___________
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Preventative; environment
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Antidepressant drugs are believed to work by affecting serotonin or __________
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Norepinephrine
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After many years of taking antipsychotic drugs, Greg's face; muscles sometimes twitch involuntarily. This is behavior is called __________
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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Which of the following is the mood-stabilizing drug most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?
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Lithium
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The type of drugs criticized for reducing symptoms without resolving underlying problems are the _________ drugs
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Anti-anxiety
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The lobotomy procedure is not widely used today because __________
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All of these reasons