question

According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called ___ appraisal.

answer

primary

question

The ____ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

answer

Thematic Apperception Test

question

The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is:

answer

the halo effect

question

For the behaviorist, personality is nothing more than a set of learned responses, or ___.

answer

habits

question

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is based on:

answer

extensive research, such as the Bobo doll study.

question

According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by:

answer

withdrawing from personal relationships.

question

According to Adler, humans' driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of:

answer

superiority

question

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that ____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories.

answer

the personal unconscious

question

According to Freud, the _____ mind is where we keep events, information, concerns, and thoughts of which we are not currently aware but can readily access.

answer

preconscious

question

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as:

answer

sublimation

question

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are:

answer

standardized

question

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n):

answer

anal retentive personality

question

One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are:

answer

dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test

question

With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the _____ trait.

answer

openness

question

Optimists are far less likely than pessimists to:

answer

become depressed

question

Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a:

answer

fully functioning person

question

Shortly after her daughter is born. Anna's 3-year-old son wants to start sleeping the the crib again. This is an example of:

answer

regression

question

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a:

answer

personality inventory

question

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that is:

answer

can be and has been tested under scientific conditions

question

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by:

answer

having a realistic view of one's real self

question

A person's perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called his or her:

answer

real self

question

In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five), Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not ____. In other words, knowing someone's score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the four other traits.

answer

interdependent

question

What are surface traits?

answer

they are seen in the outward actions of a person

question

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George's:

answer

temperament

question

_____ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.

answer

Behavioral genetics

question

_____ results from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems concentrating, and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event.

answer

acute stress disorder

question

____ is when a person believes that his or her behavior must be perfect or the result will be a total failure.

answer

all-or-nothing thinking

question

The causes of anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder are not yet fully understood, but the greatest risk factor appears to be related to:

answer

age and gender

question

Organic factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors can all be causes of:

answer

sexual dysfunction

question

The ____ theory explains dissociative disorders as the result of "thought avoidance" to avoid or decrease the pain of guilt, shame, or anxiety produced from disturbing thoughts and experiences.

answer

cognitive/behavioral

question

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that is 1.5 to 3 times more likely to occur in ___ as it is in ___.

answer

women; men

question

Behavioral theorists link depression to:

answer

learned helplessness

question

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia decrease the activity of ___ in areas of the brain responsible for some of the positive symptoms.

answer

dopamine

question

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia appear to reflect a decrease of normal functions such as:

answer

poor attention of a lack of affect

question

The ____ assumes that a biological sensitivity to a certain disorder will result in the development of the disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.

answer

stress-vulnerability model

question

The frequency of ___ personality disorder is nearly three times greater in women than in men.

answer

borderline

question

The emotional unresponsiveness of people who suffer from ___ personality disorder has been linked to lower than normal levels of stress hormones.

answer

antisocial

question

____ risks are higher in bipolar disorder as compared to unipolar depression.

answer

genetic

question

Jessica checks the locks on her house doors every hour on the hour from 10 pm to 6 am every single night. While Jessica recognizes that her behavior is interfering with her ability to sleep at night and function during the day, she can't seem to stop. Jessica appears to have ___.

answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder

question

Researchers investigating ways to help people reduce their experience of test anxiety have found that ____ (imagining a person who is successful at a related task) lowered the relationship between test anxiety and test performance.

answer

competence priming

question

_____, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there, are not uncommon in someone diagnosed with schizophrenia.

answer

Hallucinations

question

Compared to earlier editions of the DSM, the DSM-5 contains which of the following?

answer

a single axis for all disorders

question

Maria is a college student and is generally anxious. She cannot identify any one thing in particular that is bothersome, but feels anxious most of the time. Maria is exhibiting:

answer

free-floating anxiety

question

Research has found that lower levels of dopamine produced by the ____ are associated with attention deficits and poor organization of thought, two negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Allen has low self-esteem and anxiety about his ability to perform the sex act well. His sexual dysfunction probably stems from:

answer

psychological factors

question

A woman who was assaulted cannot recall the experience itself and also cannot recall anything that happened in the two weeks following the event. She remembers everything leading up to the event. The women is suffering from:

answer

dissociative amnesia

question

The term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with the disorder was nurtured in order to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder is:

answer

cultural relativity

question

A person who finds it difficult to function on a day-to-day basis may be displaying ___ behaviors.

answer

maladaptive

question

The DSM-5 describes about ____ different psychological disorders, each noted for its symptoms, typical path, and a checklist of criteria that must be met in order to a diagnosis of that condition to be made.

answer

250

question

In the ___ model, abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorder is called:

answer

psychopharmacology

question

Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat:

answer

severe depression

question

___ drugs are used to treat symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

answer

antipsychotic

question

____ seem(s) to work better in group settings than psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

answer

behavior therapies

question

____ group therapy can be effective for social anxiety disorder.

answer

cognitive-behavioral

question

Who undertook one of the earliest studies into the question of whether psychotherapy really works?

answer

Hans Eysenck

question

A warm and caring relationship between client and therapist, characterized by empathy and understanding, is called:

answer

the therapeutic alliance.

question

Dr. Phillipe Pinel is known for:

answer

personally unchaining the inmates at an asylum in Paris

question

The word ___ means "a place of safety."

answer

asylum

question

The main goal of ___ therapy is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

answer

action

question

Early treatments such as bloodletting, beatings, ice baths, and induced vomiting were all methods used to:

answer

cleanse the body of physical impurities so that the person's mind and soul could function more perfectly

question

The first organized effort to do something with mentally ill persons began in:

answer

London

question

Joshua's sister had a bad day at school. As a result, she doesn't want to play with him. Joshua assumes she is angry with him. Joshua is experiencing:

answer

personalization

question

Meredith tells her therapist, Dr. Shepherd, that her mother recently died and she's been experiencing suicidal thoughts. Dr. Shepherd responds by explaining that he can imagine that she must be feeling angry and abandoned. Dr. Shepherd is displaying a key element in person-centered therapy.

answer

empathy

question

Pam has a dream that she's in the grocery store and can't find her children. Her therapist uses this actual dream imagery, or ___ content to learn about issues that might be important to Pam. He will first have to take his actual dream scenario and interpret it for its underlying symbols.

answer

manifest

question

Dr. Stevens is treating a client with depression. During their sessions together, Dr. Stevens focuses on the client's relationships with friends, family, and coworkers, as well as how the everyday events of the client's life affect his mood. Dr. Stevens is using ___ to treat his client.

answer

interpersonal psychotherapy

question

Anthony often gets angry and stomps off when things don't go his way. To help him learn to deal with his anger, his parents engage him in a game of Candy Land. They respond the way they would like to see Anthony respond when he loses a turn or is forced to move backward on the board. Anthony's parents are using a behavior modification technique called:

answer

modeling

question

Unlike psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, behavior therapies are:

answer

action based, rather than insight based

question

The process in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is called:

answer

aversion therapy

question

_____ therapies are action based rather than insight based:

answer

behavior

question

A common distortion in thought that can cause negative feelings and unrealistic beliefs in people is "jumping to conclusions." This is referred to as:

answer

arbitrary inference

question

Who founded Gestalt therapy?

answer

Fritz Perls

question

The method of free association was developed by:

answer

Josef Breuer

question

Rather than focusing on unconscious, hidden conflicts, humanistic theorists focus on:

answer

conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self

question

An insight therapy that emphasizes revealing unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that may be causing mental disorders is called:

answer

psychoanalysis

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

popular for talking about sex and aggression; tried to describe why people become who they are

question

Id

answer

completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, amoral part of the personality that exists at birth, containing all of the basic drives: hunger, thirst, sex, etc. "devil" but is not evil, just concerned with survival and immediate gratification; works off the pleasure principle

question

Ego

answer

get the Id in safe ways, worrisome; largely in conscious mind; rational and logical; works off the reality principle

question

Superego

answer

conscience; overcome Id: mediator (angel)

question

Stages of Psychosexual Development

answer

oral stage anal stage phallic stage latency stage genital stage

question

Oral Stage

answer

0-18 months old focus: mouth theme: dependency

question

Oral Fixation

answer

fixed with stuff that relates to the mouth

question

Anal Stage

answer

18-36 months old focus: anus theme: self-control and obedience

question

Anal Retentive

answer

someone who is excessively neat and stingy and stubborn

question

Anal Expulsive

answer

someone who sees messiness as a statement of personal control and who is somewhat destructive and hostile; really messy

question

Phallic Stage

answer

3-6 years old superego is developing focus: genitals theme: sexual identity

question

Oedipus Complex

answer

develop unconscious desire for mom (boys); can find fear in father because he discovers that sister does not have a penis and fears father took it

question

Castration anxiety

answer

boys start to identify with dad to not lose penis

question

Electra Complexity

answer

girls want dad like mom and don't fear mom ; penis envy; think girls superego never develop

question

Latency Stage

answer

6 years to puberty sexual feelings repressed; children develop and grow intellectually, physically, and socially but not sexually

question

Genital Stage

answer

puberty and on

question

What are defense mechanisms used for?

answer

deal with anxiety

question

Denial

answer

refuse to acknowledge a threatening situation

question

Repression

answer

push threatening memory into unconscious mind

question

Reaction Formation

answer

hold attitude opposite of actual thoughts

question

Projection

answer

place own thoughts onto others (hippocrat)

question

Regression

answer

revert to childlike ways in bad situations

question

Rationalization

answer

make up acceptable excuse of something you shouldn't be doing

question

Displacement

answer

displace feelings onto something else

question

Sublimation

answer

turn socially unacceptable thought into something socially acceptable

question

Behaviorist Perspective

answer

(Early) Skinner: personality is developed, not born with it social interactions with others and social cognition

question

Social Cognitive

answer

personality is developed throughout interactions with others and personal thought process

question

Self-efficacy

answer

individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

question

Rotter's Social Learning Theory

answer

behavioral potential= reinforcement value and expectancy- how likely you can perform behavior Locus of Control- internal and external

question

Locus of Control

answer

the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

question

Internal Locus of Control

answer

when people assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experiences

question

External Locus of Control

answer

when people assume that their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate

question

Humanism

answer

focuses on traits that make people uniquely human Rogers- 1. Positive regard- warmth, love, acceptance, etc. (conditional and unconditional) 2. self-concept: ideal and real self

question

Trait Theorists:

answer

Allport, Cattell- factor analysis; do not theorize; measure facts

question

Big Five:

answer

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (measured through personality inventories)

question

Type A Personality:

answer

competitive, aggressive, workaholics, prone to heart disease

question

Type B Personality:

answer

calm, relaxed, slow to anger, easygoing

question

Type C Personality:

answer

tend to be very pleasant and try to keep the peace but find it difficult to express emotions, especially negative ones

question

Hardiness

answer

able to handle a lot, love a challenge, in control of lives

question

What is one factor that plays into personality?

answer

genetics

question

In any given year, what percentage of Americans experience a psychological disorder?

answer

26%

question

What are the two most common psychological disorders?

answer

anxiety and major depression

question

What is abnormal behavior?

answer

behavior that is unusual, goes against cultural norms, causes significant subjective discomfort, maladaptive, causes person to be dangerous to self or others (must have two of these to be diagnosed and classified with a disorder)

question

Maladaptive

answer

behavior that gets in the way of living "normal" life

question

What were insanity and psychological disorders considered in the early times and how were they treated?

answer

demonic possession treated with exorcism and trepanning

question

What are modern models of abnormality?

answer

biological- brain psychological- psychodynamic and behaviorism cognitive- illogical patterns of thought

question

How do you classify disorders?

answer

Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM-5); describes disorders, lists symptoms, does not explain origin, 250 disorders

question

What is a benefit of labeling an individual with a psychological disorder?

answer

communication

question

What are some problems associated with labeling an individual with a psychological disorder?

answer

it stays with you forever; always on your record and individuals who over come this kind of thing can never get away with people still assuming they have a "problem" Rosenhan 1973

question

Anxiety Disorders

answer

excessive fear that impairs ability to function

question

Phobia

answer

irrational, persistent, fear of an object, situation, or social activity

question

What are some types of phobias?

answer

social phobias specific phobias: Ex- ranidaphobia, agoraphobia- fear of open places

question

Panic Disorder

answer

frequent, disruptive panic attacks; sudden, intense panic, multiple physical and emotional symptoms

question

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

answer

obsessed with idea of something and therefore does a compulsion

question

Acute Stress Disorder

answer

last 4 weeks or less recurring nightmares "flashbacks"

question

PTSD

answer

last more than 1 month symptoms similar to acute stress disorder

question

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

answer

feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months

question

What is a mood disorder?

answer

affects emotional reaction, severe disturbances in emotion

question

Major depression

answer

mood disorder that is severe, sudden, and there is no apparent external cause lasts longer than 2 years more common in women most common mood disorder DSM-IV

question

Bipolar Disorder

answer

mood disorder that involves severe mood swings between major depression and manic episodes

question

Causes of Major Depression

answer

behavioral biological cognitive- negative thoughts negative moods

question

Anorexia Nervosa

answer

eating disorder that has people 15% under weight; distorted body image thoughts

question

Bulimia Nervosa

answer

eat a lot and then throw up or exercise excessively; distorted body image thoughts

question

schizophrenia

answer

"split from reality"

question

Symptoms of schizophrenia positive and negative

answer

Positive: excessive normal behavior, delusions, hallucinations Negative: less than, or an absence of normal behavior, poor attention, flat affect: a lack of emotional responsiveness, poor speech production

question

Different Categories of Schizophrenia

answer

Disorganized: hallucinations, confused speech, inappropriate emotions, social impairments Catatonic: periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking Paranoid: delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations

question

Causes of Schizophrenia

answer

positive- too much dopamine in the brain; hallucinations; shouldn't be there, but is negative- should be there but isn't; too little dopamine in the brain genetics, biological, stress vulnerability model- people with genetic markers won't develop it unless exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

question

Personality Disorders:

answer

persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction

question

Narcissistic

answer

self-absorbed; needs to be admired; lacks empathy; exploits others

question

Antisocial Personality Disorder

answer

no moral and conscience, impulsive, lacks regard for consequences

question

Borderline Personality Disorder

answer

moody, unstable, unclear sense of identity, clings to others

question

Causes of personality disorders:

answer

cognitive-behavioral: learned and associated with maladaptive belief system genetic factors stress tolerance family relationships: dis-functional family relationships

question

What is another term that means anti-depressant medications?

answer

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor)

question

What are some medications that are anti-psychotic?

answer

haldolperidol

question

What are some anti-depressant drugs?

answer

prozac

question

What is a anti-mania drug?

answer

lithium

question

What is a drug that is for anti-anxiety?

answer

xanax

question

Self-efficiency

answer

perception of ones competence in a certain circumstance

question

Self-concept

answer

image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in ones life, knowing who you are

question

Real self

answer

ones self perception, actual

question

Ideal self

answer

who you want to be

question

Social Phobia

answer

fear of negative evaluation in social situations

question

dysthimia

answer

mild form of depression that is constantly there

question

Delusion

answer

incorrect thought

question

Hallucinations

answer

seeing/hearing something not there

question

Therapy

answer

treatment to make people feel better and function more effectively

question

Who was the first person to demand humane treatment of the mentally ill?

answer

Pinnel

question

What are the two categories of therapy and what do they consist of?

answer

Psycho- involves talking to a psychological professional Biomedical- uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior (meds, surgical methods)

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

therapy to reveal unconscious

question

Dream Interpretation

answer

manifest content- story Latent content- meaning

question

Four Elements of Rogers Therapy

answer

empathy, authenticity, reflection, unconditional positive regard

question

Gestalt Therapy

answer

first originated by Fritz Pens; the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role playing

question

Behavior Therapies

answer

action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without the concern of the original causes of the behavior

question

Aversion Therapy

answer

form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

question

Exposure therapies

answer

behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety- or fear- related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning flooding: rapid intense exposure

question

Token economy

answer

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

question

Character

answer

to value judgements made about a person's morals or ethical behavior

question

Temperament

answer

enduring characteristics that each person is born with such a irritability and adaptability

question

Pleasure Principle

answer

desire for immediate gratification of needs with no regard for the consequences

question

Reality principle

answer

the need to satisfy the demands of the id only in ways that will not lead to negative consequences

question

Conscience

answer

developed in the superego and is the part of the personality that makes people feel guilt, or moral anxiety, when they do the wrong thing

question

Fixation

answer

getting "stuck" to some degree in a stage of development

question

promiscuous

answer

having sexual relations with more than one partner

question

Personal Unconscious

answer

Jung's name for the unconscious mind described by Freud

question

Collective Unconscious

answer

Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

question

Compensation

answer

people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area of life by striving to be superior in another area

question

basic anxiety

answer

anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

question

neurotic personalities

answer

personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory

question

Behaviorists believe that personality is...

answer

nothing more than a set of learned responses or habits

question

Social cognitive learning theorists

answer

theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and the influences of a person's own expectancies of learning

question

social cognitive theory

answer

learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. (Albert Bandura)

question

reciprocal determinism

answer

Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

question

Trait Theorists

answer

Allport and Cattell

question

Introversion

answer

tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation

question

Source Traits

answer

traits that underlie surface traits

question

Factor Analysis

answer

using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data

question

Openness

answer

persons willingness to try new things and be open in new experiences. People who like to maintain the status quo and who don't try new things would score low on this trait

question

Conscientiousness

answer

person's organization and motivation, with people who score high in this dimension being those who are careful about being places on time and careful with belongings as well. Someone scoring low might always be late to important social events or borrow belongings and fail to return them or return them in poor condition

question

Extraversion

answer

Carl Jung believed all people could be divided into two personality types: extraverts and introverts. Extraverts are outgoing and sociable, whereas introverts are more solitary and dislike being the center of attention

question

Agreeableness

answer

refers to basic emotional style of a person, who may be easygoing, friendly, and pleasant (at high end) or grumpy, crabby, and hard to get along with (at low end).

question

Neuroticism

answer

refers to emotional instability or stability. People who are excessive worriers, overanxious, and moody would score high on this dimension, whereas those who are more even-tempered and calm would score low

question

Trait-situation interaction

answer

in which particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed

question

Behavioral genetics

answer

the study of how much of an individuals personality is due to inherited traits

question

cognitive-mediational theory of emotions

answer

in which the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes

question

Primary appraisal

answer

first step in appraising a stressor; estimating the severity of the stressor and classifying it as a threat, challenge, or a harm or loss that has already occurred.

question

Direct Observation

answer

observer watches the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of home, school, or workplace

question

Rating Scale

answer

numerical rating is assigned, either by assessor or the client, for specific behaviors

question

Frequency Count

answer

the assessor literally counts the frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit

question

What is an example of a personality inventory?

answer

Cattell's 16PF

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