Psychology copy Test – Flashcards
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Neuroscience
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The most general term for the cluster of studies that advance our understanding of the brain and its functions.
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Informational Social Influence
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When you make decisions about how to behave, there are many sources of information available to help you make these decisions.
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Attribution Theory
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People make sense of their surroundings on the basis of what they consider is the cause and what is the effect of a phenomenon.
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Normative Social Influence
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Sometimes people behave in ways just to gain approval from others, even if they don't necessarily believe in what they are doing.
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Milgram's experiment
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Researched the effect of authority on obedience. Subjects were temporarily deceived about the real role of the learner, the purpose of the research, and the actual amount of shock.
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Two Social Norms that influence altruistic behavior
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Reciprocity and social responsibility.
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Mere Exposure Effect- positive relationships between ___ and liking?
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Proximity and Liking
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Social Psychology
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How we think about, influence, and relate to each other.
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Group think can be prevented by a leader who
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Invites outside experts to critique a group's development plan
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
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Example: Some have stated that people who become frustrated with their jobs because they don't like their work, can't get the raise they want, etc., but can't take out their aggressions at work (can't yell at the boss, can't punch annoying co-workers), will redirect this frustration and act aggressively toward others (like a husband, wife, children, etc.).
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Theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
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Social Exchange Theory
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Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for:
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The Scapegoat Theory
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Psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode process store and retrieve information?
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Cognitive Psychology
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One explanation of the Fundamental Attribution error involves:
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Attentional focus
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Just-world Phenomenon
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People to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Bystander Effect
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People are less likely to take action in these instances when there are a lot of other people present.
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Deindividuation
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Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.. Cults are excellent examples of deindividuation .
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Who argued that human aggression is instinctive? (unconscious)
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Sigmund Freud
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Group Polarization
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Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
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Social Facilitation
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A person's performance in a task increases when in the presence of others.
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Social Loafing
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Individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group.
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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Tendancy for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request.
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what task would the presence of others least likely lead to improved performance?
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Raking of leaves
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Group-Think
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psychological phenomenon that occurs within groups of people. It is the mode of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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normative social influences
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Sometimes people behave in ways just to gain approval from others, even if they don't necessarily believe in what they are doing.
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To evaluate various accounts of human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on the process of?
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natural selection
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Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of
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Learning
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Willhelm Wundt
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Mental Processes
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Theory that assumes we adopt certain attitudes in order to justify our past actions?
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Cognitive Dissonance theory
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Explanation of aggression in terms of instict would have the most difficulty accounting for:
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Wide cultural variation in aggression
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GRIT
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acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction"-a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions.
