Psychology Ciccarelli White 4th Edition Rose State College

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What term describes the physical bases of behavior?
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Biopsychological
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What do you call the environmental influences on behavior?
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Behaviorism
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What term describes the unconscious influences on behavior and personality?
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Psychoanalysis
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What term describes free will and the achieving one's full potential?
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Humanistic
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What term describes biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all share?
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Evolutionary
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What term describes the influence of culture on behavior?
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Sociocultural
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This consists of nerves and ganglia.
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Spinal Cord
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This senses and acts upon the external world.
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Somatic Nervous System
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This consists of billions of neurons.
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Central Nervous System
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This dominates in emergency situations.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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This is the communication network among all body cells.
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Nervous System
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This transmits and stores information
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The Brain
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This controls involuntary functions
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Autonomic nervous system
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The primary communications link to the outside world
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Peripheral nervous system
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This dominates in relaxed situations
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Parasympathetic system
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Anna is very placid and easy to get along with, but she seems to live only in the moment, with no ability to think ahead or make plans that she can then follow. What part of the brain is causing this?
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Frontal Lobe
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Researchers in the Robbers Cave experiment manipulated situational conditions such that they were able to both increase (with competition) and decrease (with cooperation) intergroup hostility. These manipulations are most similar to which goal of psychology?
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Control
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Dr Harris has created an academic performance enhancement program designed to help kids who are struggling in school. Results from his research reveal that the program is effective at improving children's grades. Dr. Harris's work is most consistent with which goal of psychology?
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Control
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Dr. Smith is a psychologist who is interested in studying aggression in sports. For her research, she attends high school basketball games and records the number of aggressive acts she observes. Dr. Smith's research is best viewed as meeting which goal of psychology?
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Description
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Steve has been feeling depressed lately and decides to visit a psychologist. Dr. Katz, for some assistance. After learning that Steve dumped his girlfriend recently, Dr. Katz begins to speculate that perhaps Steve's depression has been caused by this break up. Dr. Katz's speculations are most similar to which goal of psychology?
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Explanation
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While driving home one day, Joe is in a serious auto accident. Several weeks later he notices that he is still feeling very tense and anxious. He consults with a psychologist, who informs him that it is common for people who have been in such accidents to have these kinds of feelings. The psychologist goes on to say that often people also have bad dreams and re-experience the trauma, and that Joe shouldn't be surprised if this happens. The psychologist's commetns are most similar to which goal of psychology?
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Prediction
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What term describes the mental processes?
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Cognitive
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Luke is able to comprehend what others say when they speak to him, but he cannot express himself in words or sentences. What area of the brain may be damage?
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Broca's area of the frontal lobe.
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Since a very serious motor vehicle accident, Juan has been on life support systems to stay alive. What area of the brain may be damaged?
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Medulla and /or pons
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Lucretia is unable to carry out organized sequences of actions to satisfy basic needs such as hunger. What area may be damaged?
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Limbic system
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Leon has difficulty walking and performing other routine and daily tasks because he experiences jerks and spasms and a lack of coordination in his arms and legs. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. What may be affected?
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Cerebellum
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Although not on life support systems, Deena has been in a coma for years and shows no signs of waking up. What may be affected?
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Reticular Formation
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Lucia displays considerable paralysis on the right side of her body. What may be affected?
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The left motor cortex
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Ben shows extremely confused thinking and disordered attention of the sort that characterizes schizophrenia? What may be affected?
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Thalmus
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Thurgood cannot understand others when they speak to him and speaks gibberish himself when he tries to talk. What may be affected?
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Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe.
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This psychologist studies the development of personality and does personality assessment.
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Personality Psychologist
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The fields of psychology most likely to engage in pure research.
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Experimental Psychology
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The field that diagnoses and treats less severe forms of mental illness or problems.
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Counseling Psychology
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This area of psychology studies social interactions, relationships, attitudes, and behavior in group settings.
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Social Psychology
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The field of psychology that studies learning and develops aids for learning.
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Educational Psychology
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A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
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Psychiatrists
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Applies psychology to business and the world of work.
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Industrial/Organizational Psychology
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Studies human development, from conception to death.
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Developmental Psychology
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This is the study of people's behavior at a shopping mall with no intervention or attempt to influence their behavior in any way.
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Naturalistic Observation
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Study of how musical genius developed in a retarded child.
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Case study
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Study of whether motorists are more apt to stop and help a stranded motorist (accomplice) who is dressed nicely or one who is dressed very shabbily.
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Laboratory Observation
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Laboratory investigation of the effects of sunlight on skin reactions.
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Experiment
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Investigation of how local residents feel about having a horse-racing track in their area.
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Survey
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Study of whether physical attractiveness and popularity are related.
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Correlational study
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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Psychology definition
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All or our outward or overt actions and reactions such as talking, facial expressions, and movement.
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Behavior includes what?
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All the internal, covert (hidden) activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
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Mental Process definition
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What is happening? The first step in understanding anything is to describe it. Observing a behavior and noting everything about it: what is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens, and under what circumstances it seems to happen.
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Description:
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Why is it happening?
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Explanation:
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When will it happen again? Determining what will happen in the future.
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Prediction:
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How can it be changed? the focus of control, or the modification of some behavior, is to change a behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one.
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Control:
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Father of Psychology and established the first true experimental laboratory in psychology.
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Wilhelm Wundt:
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Titchener's viewpoint that the focus of the study was the structure of the mind. Titchener believed that every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.
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Define structuralism:
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Margaret F. Washburn
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First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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wrote Principles of Psychology and his work is still in print.
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William James
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How the mind allows people to function in the real world-- how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings. -william james
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Functionalism:
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a German word meaning "an organized whole" or "configuration" The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Gestalt psychology
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Repress them into our unconscious mind.
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What did Freud believe we did with our threatening urges and desires?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Who was the Russian physiologist who showed that a reflex (an involuntary reaction such as salivation) could be cause to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus.
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unconscious processes
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In the definition of psychology, mental processes means-
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Prediction
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Dr. Baker designs an experiment for studying lab rats' reactions to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr. Baker is most interested in the goal of-
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Control
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Results of the study by Cheryan at al. (2009) suggest that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. This illustrates the goal of-
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William James
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Which of the following early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement "the study of the mind should focus on how it functions in every day life"?
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Margaret Washburn
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Who was the first woman to compete the coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?
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Behaviorism
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Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?
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Cognitive Perspective
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What perspective focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, though processes, problem solving, language, and learning?
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Sociocultural perspective
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What perspective combines social and cultural psychology?
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Biopsychological perspective
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In what perspective are human and animal behavior seen as a direct result of events in the body such as hormones, hereditary, brain chemicals, tumors, and disease?
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Evolutionary perspective
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What perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share such as mental strategies and traits, why we lie, how attraction affects mate choice, why people like music and dancing.
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medical training. doctorate degree.
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A psychologist has no ___________ but has a _________?
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a system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
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Define scientific method:
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Perceiving the Question. Forming a hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis Drawing conclusions. Report the Results.
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What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
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The measure of the relationship between two or more variables.
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define correlation:
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the specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends message within that system
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Define neuron:
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The part of the neuron attached to the cell body (soma) that receives messages from other cells. they look like branches.
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define Dendrite:
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The cell body which si the part of the cell that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning. soma means "body"
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Define Soma:
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A fiber attached to the soma, and it's job is to carry messages out to other cells.
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Define Axon:
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The end of the axon branches out into severl shorter fibers that have knobs on the tips and these are the axon terminals. they are responsible for communicating with other nerve vells.
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Define Axon terminals:
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The most abundant type of cell in the central nervous system that surround, provide support for, and insulation between neurons. Types include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.
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Define glial cells:
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created from oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (2 types of glial cells) generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin.
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define myelin:
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oligodendrocytes
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Which glial cell produce myelin for the neruons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system)?
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Schwann Cells
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Which glial cells produce myelin for neruons of the body?
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Myelin Sheath
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What substance speeds up the neural message traveling down the axon?
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a junction between two nerve cells consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
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define synapse:
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spinal cord
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afferent neruons carry messages from the senses to the________?
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Muscles and glands
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Efferent neurons carry messages from the spinal cord to the ________?
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interneurons
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What connects the afferent neurons to the efferent neurons?
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in the brain, near the back, above the brain stem.
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Where is the pineal gland located?
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in the throat and it secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.
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Where is the thyroid gland located and what does it do?
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Controls the level of blood sugar in the body and secretes insulin and glucagon.
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What does the pancreas do?
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On top of both kidneys.
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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Computed tomography.
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what does CT stand for?
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takes pictures in slices revealing damage from strokes, tumors, injuries, or malformation.
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What does a CT do?
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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What does MRI stand for?
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the machine aligns the hydrogen atoms in the brain tissues (these normally spin an a random fashion) and then radio pulses are used to make the atoms spin at a particular frequency or direction. The time it takes for the atoms to return to their normal spin allows a computer to create a 3d image of the brain and display "slices" of that image on a screen.
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What does an MRI do?
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Electroencephalogram
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What does EEG stand for?
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detects electrical activity in the brain using electrodes attached to the scalp. brain cells eommunicate via electrical impulses and are active all the time, even during sleep.
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What does an eeg do?
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Magnetoencephalography
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what Does MEG stand for?
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its a non invasive neurophysiological technique that measures the magnetic fields generated by neuronal activity of the brain.
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What does MEG do?
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Medulla
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Part of the Hindbrain that controls heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing?
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Hippocampus
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Plays a role in our learing, memory, abnd ability to compare sensory info to expectations.
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Pituitary glands
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Regulates other endocrine glands:
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Hypothalamus
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Part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression we feel
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corpus callosum
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connects left and right hemispheres of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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controls complex thought processes
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thalamus
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part of the forebrain that relays info from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex
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cerebellum
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part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordination
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pons
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part of the hindbrain that relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex
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reticular formation
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a system of nerves running from the hindbrain and through the midbrain to the cerebral cortex, controlling arousal and attention
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Limbic system
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What system includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and the cingulate cortex?:
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Limbic System
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This system is involved in emotions, motivation, memory, and learning:
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Broca's area
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what area of the frontal lobe affects speech?
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Wernicke's area
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what are of the left temporal lobe affects comprehension of words?
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