psychology: chapter 9 – Flashcards
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Vygotsky believed which of the following aspects of language advances thinking?
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private speech and social mediation
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Research data suggests that the amount a child talks is strongly influenced by ______, while ______ determines the words and grammatical constructions a child understands.
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genes; experience
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Romy understands that if she has 4 pieces of pizza and we give her 2 more, she will have 6. However, she does not know what happens if she has 6 and we take away 2. Piaget would say that Romy:
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has demonstrated the concept of irreversibility.
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To find a good preschool, a parent should look for:
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teachers responsive to children's needs; high teacher-child ratios.
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To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in:
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static reasoning
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Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a baby-sitter. According to Piaget, Bobby's thinking is no longer characterized by:
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centration.
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Six-year-old Mikael has 10 dinosaur toys on the floor in front of him. You ask him how many he has, and he counts them one at a time. This is an example of which of the following?
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one-to-one correspondence
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When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:
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fast mapping
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Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of ______ and ______.
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Piaget; Vygotsky
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
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fast mapping
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Because of fast-mapping, a preschooler:
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learns some words after a single exposure to them.
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Which of the following has been found to be the most important variable in comparing early childhood education programs?
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the quality of the teachers
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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney:
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has a theory of mind.
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If a preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old is older than a short 40-year-old, this is an example of:
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focus on appearance.
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The formation of overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that:
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the child is able to apply grammatical rules, although incorrectly, to vocalizations.
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Skills that the person can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of:
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the zone of proximal development.
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Which of the following contributes to early childhood being the ideal time to learn language?
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All of these contribute to language learning in early childhood.
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Piaget believed that between the ages of 2 and 6, it is difficult for children to think:
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logically
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Jake's father is taking him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited about his first trip to the barber, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the concept of:
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irreversibility.
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According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
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interact with a mentor to accomplish a task.
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If a preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old is older than a short 40-year-old, this is an example of:
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focus on appearance.
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When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she does not recognize her. This is likely due to Jennie's:
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static reasoning.
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Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a baby-sitter. According to Piaget, Bobby's thinking is no longer characterized by:
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centration
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One key factor that strengthens theory of mind at about age 4 is:
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having an older sibling
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The youngest children to demonstrate theory of mind in experiments are age:
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4
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A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:
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theory of mind
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According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that we have with ourselves either silently or out loud is referred to as:
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private speech
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Krista understands that 4 + 6 = 10 but does not understand that 10 - 6 = 4. She is displaying:
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irreversibility.
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Overregularization occurs because children:
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assume their language always follows the rules they have learned thus far.
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Gabriel's language and cognitive skills have developed greatly since he began attending preschool. His teacher explains things to the children when they participate in small-group activities and she encourages conversation between children and adults. According to Vygotsky, she uses language to advance thinking through:
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social mediation
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Four-year-old Jon is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hotdogs for lunch. Mom cuts Jon's hotdog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces. Jon protests because "Erin has more than me!" Which of the following abilities does Jon not yet demonstrate?
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conservation
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To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all others is called
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centration
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According to the text, what would be an important question for parents to ask about prospective early education programs for their children
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How long has each staff member worked here?
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A critical-period view of language learning refers to:
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the only time language can be learned.
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A child, not yet being able to read on her own, gets assistance from an adult to accomplish the skill. This assistance will only be effective if:
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the skill is within the child's zone of proximal development.
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In a cross-cultural test of theory of mind, which children scored the highest?
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Canadian children
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Four-year-old Jon is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hotdogs for lunch. Mom cuts Jon's hotdog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces. Jon protests because "Erin has more than me!" Which of the following abilities does Jon not yet demonstrate?
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conservation
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The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are referred to as:`
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grammar
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Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, John, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Daryl asks John if there is now more Silly Putty, John replies, "Yes." Piaget would say that John has:
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not mastered the concept of conservation.
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Which of the following seems to be the main contributing factor that determines whether or not children will pass the tasks that test theory of mind?
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brain maturation
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
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fast mapping
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Which of the following is the best example of scaffolding?
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Miriam helps her son Ben make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud while simplifying it as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
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Genes are most likely to influence which type of language?
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expressive
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Teacher-directed preschool programs stress:
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academics
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A child is shown two identical tall containers, half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, then the child understands the concept of:
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conservation
