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Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Eclectic Approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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Resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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Interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

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Transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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Insight Therapies

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a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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Aversive Conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

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Client-centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist used techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

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Active Listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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Unconditional positive regard

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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 610)

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Behavior Therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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Counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning

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Systematic Desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Exposure Therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears

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Token Economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

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Cognitive Therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

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Family Therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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Regression Toward the Mean

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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

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Meta-analysis

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provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Evidence-based practice

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Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

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Biomedical Therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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Antianxiety Drugs

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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

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Antidepressant Drugs

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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of depression that involves electrically inductin a brief brain seizure

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

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Lithium

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a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorders

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Psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

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Lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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Free Association

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In psychoanalysis, the technique whereby a patient reveals every thought, idea, or image that comes to mind

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Resistance

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A patient's attempt to avoid revealing certain thoughts

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Psychodynamic Therapies

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Attempting to uncover childhood experiences that may explain a patient's current problems

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One who is sexually abused by a parent

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A person with depression who would be LEAST likely to benefit from interpersonal therapy (IPT)

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Person-centered Therapy

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The nondirective psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers

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Gestalt Therapy

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A directive psychotherapy that emphasizes the importance of the client's fully experiencing, in the present moment, his or her thoughts, feelings, and actions

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Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy

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Focuses on behavior change

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Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy

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Emphasizes on mutual acceptance

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Dynamics

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In family therapy, the therapist pays attention to the ______ of the family unit

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Group-therapy

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Is led by professional therapists & is less expensive than individual therapy but still provides contact with trained therapists

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Self-help groups

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Effective for supporting individuals recovering from alcoholism

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Both group and self help therapy

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Provides members with a sense of belonging

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Operant

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Behavior therapies based on _____ conditioning are used to change behavior by reinforcing desirable beahvior and removing reinforcers for undesirable behavior

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Classical

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Behavior therapies based on _____ conditioning are sometimes used to rid people of fears and undesirable behaviors or habits

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Obsessive-Compulsive

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Exposure and response prevention is a treatment for people with ______ disorder

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Flooding

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Being exposed directly to a feared object until the fear response is reduced or eliminated

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Aversion Therapy

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Associating a painful or sickening stimuli with undesirable behavior

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Systematic Desensitization

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Practicing deep muscle relaxation during gradual exposure to a feared object

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Participant Modeling

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Imitating a model who is responding appropriately in a feared situation

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Irrational

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Cognitive therapists believe that, for the most part, maladaptive behavior results from _____ beliefs and ideas

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapists

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Challenge clients' irrational beliefs

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Cognitive Errors ; Objective

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The goal of Beck's cognitive therapy is to help clients replace _____ with more _____ thoughts.

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Physical

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For the most part, advocates of biomedical therapies assume that psychological disorders have _____ causes

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Lithium

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Used to treat bipolar disorder

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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Used to treat schizophrenia

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Antidepressant Drugs

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Used to treat panic disorder, major depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Dopamine

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Medication that relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia is thought to work by blocking the action of _____.

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Severe Depression

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The disorder which ECT is typically used for

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Obsessive-compulsive

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Psychosurgery may be helpful in the treatment of extreme cases of _____ disorder.

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Behavior Therapy

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Debilitating Fears

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Insight therapy

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General unhappiness, interpersonal problems

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Drug Therapy

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Schizophrenia & severe depression

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Medical

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The main difference between a osychologist and a psychiatrist is that the latter has a _____ degree

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Cultural

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_____ variables can influence the results of standardized tests used by psychologists

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Avoidance of discussions of race and culture with clients

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Culturally sensitive therapy does not involve ...

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Gender Biases

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Gender-sensitive therapy requires that therapists examine their own _____.

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Free Association

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Jim is visualizing the events of his childhood and describing them to his therapist. The therapist seems to be using the technique of ______.

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Deficits in interpersonal skills

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IPT can help with ...

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Lorene is a humanistic therapist. What type of psychological disorder is she most likely to endorse?

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The person's natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked

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Adriana is sitting and facing and empty chair. In this chair, she imagines, she sits her brother whom she is telling how she feels about him. Later in her therapy, Adriana will switch chairs and imagine her brother's response. What type of therapy is she receiving?

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Gestalt Therapy

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Integrated Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT)

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Works on interpersonal acceptance as well as behaviors

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A family therapy practitioner would most likely focus on...

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Helping family members identify changesthat will help the family unit

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Dan is consulting a behavior therapist to help him control his weight. The therapist will probably be most interested in helping Dan _____

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Change the patterns of reinforcement that contribute to his eating behavior

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Which of the following can be helped by cognitive therapy? a) schizophrenia b) bulimia c) depression d) all of the above

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d) all of the above

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The best treatments for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia target the neurotransmitters _____ and ______

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Dopamine & serotonin

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Advocates for the pediatric bipolar disorder diagnosis claim that, in children, _______ is manifested as temper tantrums.

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Mania

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A cognitive therapist and behavioral therapist are having a conversation. The cognitive therapist would be likely to criticize the behavioral therapist by saying _______

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"You ignore important variables like thinking"

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Proponents of ECT argue that it is useful for treating severe cases of ____ that do not respind to other kinds of treatments.

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Depression

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Modern psychosurgery techniques focus on the _____

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Amygdala

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Psychologists ______

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Must have a doctoral degree in psychology

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In an effort to increase the level of cultural sensitivity, therapists who serve African Americans have adopted the use of ______

answer

Kinship networks

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