Psychology Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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outgroup homogeneity effect
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tendency to view outgroup members as less varied
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social identity theory
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the idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership
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medial prefrontal cortex
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impt for thinking about other people
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social facilitation
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the idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance
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deindividuation
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Stanford Prison Study
Abu Ghraib
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group polarization
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initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time
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groupthink
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the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing eternal threats, and is biased
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social loafing
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the tendency for people to not work as hard in a group as working alone
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conformity
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the altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations
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normative influence
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the tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group
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informational influence
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the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond (how much the light moved)
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compliance
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tendency to agree to do things requested by others
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inclusive fitness
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an explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival
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bystander intervention effect
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the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present
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attitudes
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people's evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
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mere exposure effect
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greater exposure to something leads to greater liking for it
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explicit attitudes
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attitudes that you know and can report to other people
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implicit attitudes
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attitudes that influence feelings and behaviors on an unconscious level
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cognitive dissonance
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an uncomfortable mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior
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persuasion
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the active and unconscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message
-affected by factors of source, content, and receiver
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elaboration likelihood model
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persuasive communication leads to attitude change in two fundamental ways: central route and peripheral route
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nonverbal behavior
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the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others
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attributions
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people's explanations for why events or actions occur
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personal attributions
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explanations of people's behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts
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situational attributions
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explanations of people's behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
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prejudice
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negative feelings, opinions, or beliefs associated with a stereotype
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discrimination
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the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice
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modern racism
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subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs
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perspective taking
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actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people
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perspective giving
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people share experiences of being targets of discrimination
