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What is Psychology?

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Psychology derives from the roots psyche (meaning soul) and -ology (meaning scientific study of). Thus, psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientific method, and recognize the complexity of behavior.

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Who helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline?

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Wundt and James helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline.

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Who was a STRUCTURALIST, which meant he believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts best achieved by INTROSPECTION

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Wundt

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James

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Who was the first American psychologist, and he was a proponent of functionalism. This particular perspective focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism's environment, and also relied on introspection

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Sigmund Freud

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who believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to understand conscious behavior.This was especially true for individuals that he saw who suffered from various hysterias and neuroses. He relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free association as means to access the unconscious.

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Gestalt

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__________ psychology takes a holistic view of an individual and his experiences.still very influential in the study of sensation and perception.

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Behaviorism

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focused on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes.

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John Watson

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is often considered the father of behaviorism.

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B.f. Skinner

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contributed to our understanding of principles of operant conditioning

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Humanism

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focuses on the potential of all people for good. Both Maslow and Rogers were influential to this.

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Cognitive Revolution

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A science of behavior began to shift back to its roots of focus on mental processes. The emergence of neuroscience and computer science aided this transition. People came to realize that cognition was crucial to a true appreciation and understanding of behavior

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Biological

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____ psychology involves the study of the bases of behavior. Sensation and perception refer to the area of psychology that is focused on how information from our sensory modalities is received, and how this information is transformed into our perceptual experiences of the world around us.

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Cognitive

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_____ psychology is concerned with the relationship that exists between thought and behavior, and developmental psychologists study the physical and cognitive changes that occur throughout one's lifespan.

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Personality

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_____ psychology focuses on individuals' unique patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.

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a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information answer: all of the above

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Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

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soul

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Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________.

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philosophy

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Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

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proposed explanation

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In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)

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Max Wertheimer

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which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.

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Abraham Maslow

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is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

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unconditional positive regard

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Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems

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Skinner

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The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

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Biological

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A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

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Personality

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An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

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2/3

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In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

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I-O

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A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

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PhD

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If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

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PsyD

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The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

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Bachelors

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Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

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Masters

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One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

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Research

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______ enables scientists to separate fact from simple opinion

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The clinical or case study

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involves studying just a few individuals for an extended period of time. While this approach provides an incredible depth of information, the ability to generalize these observations to the larger population is problematic.

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Naturalistic Observation

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involves observing behavior in a natural setting and allows for the collection of valid, true-to-life information from realistic situations.

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reliable (consistent and replicable) and valid (accurate)

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Researchers strive to ensure that their tools for collecting data are both

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Surveys

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_____ can be administered in a number of ways and make it possible to collect large amounts of data quickly. However, the depth of information that can be collectedis somewhat limited compared to a clinical or case study.

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Archival research

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involves studying existing data sets to answer research questions.

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Longitudinal research

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has been incredibly helpful to researchers who need to collect data on how people change over time.

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Cross-sectional

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_______ research compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.

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Correlation

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A _______ is described with a correlation coefficient, r, which ranges from -1 to 1. The correlation coefficient tells us about the nature (positive or negative) and the strength of the relationship between two or more variables.

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Correlations

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do not tell us anything about causation—regardless of how strong the relationship is between variables.

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experiment

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the only way to demonstrate causation is by conducting an

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Conducting experiments

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Researchers can test cause-and-effect hypotheses by

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is whether participants are exposed to the experimental manipulation.

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In ideal experimental design, the only difference between the experimental and control groups...

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Peer-reviewed journal articles

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where do Psychologists report their research findings

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IRB

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Any experiment involving human participants must be approved by an

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IACUC

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Researchers who use animals as experimental subjects must design their projects so that pain and distress are minimized. Animal research requires the approval of an

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testable

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Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

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facts

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________ are defined as observable realities.

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empirical

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Scientific knowledge is ________.

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were not testable

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A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

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case study

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Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

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Naturalistic Observation

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________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

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the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

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The major limitation of case studies is ________.

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the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

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The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

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Archival research

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Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

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longitudinal research

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________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

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survey

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A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

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attrition

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Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

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increases; increases

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Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that as height ________ weight ________.

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a. -.90 b. -.50 c. +.80 d. +.25 answer: a

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Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

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Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams

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Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

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it is closest to 0

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The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

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random sampling

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________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

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independent variable; dependent variable

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The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

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operationalize

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Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

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placebo

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Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment

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IACUC; IRB

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________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

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informed consent

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Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

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