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behaviorist

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researcher who uses principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans

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social cognitive theorist

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researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors of learning

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habits

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a set of learned responses that make up personality as believed by behaviorists

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traditional behaviorist

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attribute shy personality as a result of a child avoiding a strict parent's attention that would result in fewer punishments so that avoidance is negatively reinforced causing later the child to avoid all authority figures

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social cognitive learning theorists

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emphasize both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectations on learning,

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social cognitive learning

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holds that observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality

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social cognitive view

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behavior is governed not just by the influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes; Bandura

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Bandura

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believes that 3 factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from their earlier experiences

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reciprocal determinism

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each factor affects the other 2 in a reciprocal or give and take relationship; works with bandura's 3 factors

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self efficiency

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a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a gaol will be in a particular circumstance

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NOT

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self efficiency and self-esteem are or are not the same?

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high self efficiency

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more persistent and expect to succeed

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low self efficiency

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expect to fail and tend to avoid challenges

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Rotter's Social Learning Theory

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a theory based on a basic principle of motivation derived from Thorndike's Law of Effect: people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

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stable; pattern

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Rotter viewed personality as a relatively _______ set of potential responses to various situations. e.g. if in the past, responding a certain way led to reinforcing or pleasurable consequences, that way of responding would become a ________ of responding, or part of the "personality as learning theorists see it"

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locus of control

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Rotter; the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

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internal locus of control

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people who assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience have this

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external locus of control

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people who assume that their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate

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depression and learned helplessness

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people with external locus of control can fall into these

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Rotter

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Like Bandura, _______ also believed that an interaction of factors would determine the behavioral patterns that become personality for an individual

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expectancy and reinforcement value

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2 influencing factors on a person's decision to act in a certain way given a particular situation; ROTTER

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expectancy

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refers to the person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence;

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IS

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Rotter's expectancy is or isn't similar to Bandura's self efficiency

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reinforcement value

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refers to an individual's preference for a particular reinforcer over all possible reinforcing consequences

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higher

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things or circumstances that are particularly appealing to us have _______ reinforcement value than other possible reinforcers

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limits

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behaviorism as an explanation has its ________

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doesn't; social

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behaviorism ________ take mental processes into account when explaining behavior nor does it give weight to _______ influences on behavior.

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social cognitive view

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unlike psychoanalysis, the concepts in this theory can and have been scientifically tested; includes social and mental processes and their influences on behavior

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too;enabled

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some critics argue that human personality and behavior are ____ complex to explain as a result of cognitions and external stimuli interacting; others point out that this viewpoint has ___________ development of effective learning theory therapies that change behavior.

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humanistic perspective

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focus on things that make people uniquely human,, such as subjective emotions and freedom to close one's own destiny;

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humanistic

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referred to as 3rd force of psych; based on maslow and rogers

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Self-actualizing tendency

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human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities, and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become; maslow and rogers

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self concept

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important tool in self-actualization that is the development of an image of oneself; based on what people are told by others and how the sense of self is reflected in the words and actions of important people in ones life.

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real self

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one's actual perception of characteristics, traits, and other abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization

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ideal self

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the perception of what one should be or would like to be; primarily comes from significant others in ones life-especially parents during adolescence

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more

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It is _______ likely for one's real self and ideal self to match if they are realistic

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competent and capable

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people who have close real-self to ideal-self are ______ and _________

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anxious and neurotic

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people who have mismatch of real self to ideal self are

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positive regard

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Rogers; warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others;

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vital

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according to Rogers, having positive regard is _______ to people's ability to cope with stress and to strive to achieve self-acualization

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unconditional positive regard

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love, affection, respect with no strings attached is necessary fro people to be able to explore fully all that they can achieve and become

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conditional positive regard

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love, affection, respect and warmth that depend, or seem to depend, on doing what those people want; e.g parents brought daughter up with expectations that she would be a doctor, so daughter does it in order to be "loved"

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fully functioning person

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a person who is in the process of self-actuallizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities and experiencing a match between the real self and ideal self

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fully functioning person

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needs unconditional positive regard

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Maslow

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self-actualization is a goal that people are always striving to reach; creative, autonomous, and unprejudiced = self actual

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Rogers

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only a person who is fully functioning is capable of reaching the goal of self-actualization; true feelings and innermost needs, do not follow crowd

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humanist

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some critics argue that the _______ view ignores the more negative aspects of human nature; e.g can this view explain motivation behind terrorism?

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scientifically

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the humanist view is very difficult to test __________

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greatest impact of humanistic view

answer

development of therapies designed to promote self-growth and help people better understand themselves and others

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positive psychology

answer

Maslow; need for focus on human potential rather than problems; now strive to understand how human beings prosper during difficult times and focuses on science of subjective, individual, and group factors that foster positive experiences.

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internal locus of control example

answer

nina appreciates compliments but really values constructive criticism as she can address the problems

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trait theories

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less concerned with explanation for personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description

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trait

answer

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving, and trait theories attempt to describe personality in terms of a person's traits.

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Allport

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early attempt to list and describe the traits that make up personality; scanned dictionary for words that could be traits, found about 18,000 traits then paring down to 200 traits after eliminating synonyms

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Allport

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believed that traits were literally wired into the nervous system (w/out science evidence) to guide one's behavior across many different situations and that each person's constellation of traits was unique

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Catell

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16PF; defined traits into two types: surface and source; 16 source traits with a possible 7 more

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surface traits

answer

representing the personality characteristics easily seen by other people, like those found with Allport e.g. shyness, being quiet, and disliking crowds

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source traits

answer

more basic traits that underlie the surface traits; e.g. introversion

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factor analysis

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Cattell; statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data

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16PF

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Cattell; based on 16 source traits seen on a continuum with two opposite traits at each end

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five-factor model

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also called Big Five; 5 dimensions that represent the core description of human personality- the only dimension necessary to understand what makes us tick.

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openness

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persons willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences; big 5

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conscientiousness

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refers to person's organization and motivation - careful in belongings and being places on time; big 5

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extraversion

answer

jung; extroverts vs. introverts; big 5

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agreeableness

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refers to the basic emotional style of a person who may be easygoing, friendly, and pleasant; big 5

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neuroticism

answer

emotional instability or stability; excessive worrying, over anxious, and moody; big 5

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big 5

answer

extraversion, aggreeableness, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness

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situation interaction

answer

Mischel; the particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed

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situation interaction example

answer

a outgoing extravert will act different at a party versus a funeral

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all cultures

answer

there is evidence that the big 5 carries over to _____ _________

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more; less

answer

trait theories are _____ concerned with predicting personality, and ______ concerned with describing personality

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behavioral genetics

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devoted to the study of just how much of an individual's personality is due to inherited traits

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Minnesota twin study

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reveals that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins or unrelated people in intelligence, leadership qualities, the tendency to follow rules and uphold traditional cultural expectations; holds true even if twins are raised in separate environments

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adoption studies

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confirm what twin studies have shown - genetic influences account for a great deal of personality development

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heritability

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how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent individual genetic variation impact differences in observed behavior

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Big 5

answer

has 50 percent heritability other 50 percent is environment

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inherited traits

answer

25 to 50 percent

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individualistic culture

answer

tend to have loose ties between individuals with people tending to look after themselves and their immediate families only; USA and Great Britain

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collectivistic culture

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from birth, deeply tied into very very strong in groups, typically extended families

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power distance

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the degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few rather than being more evenly distributed

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masculinity/femininity

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referring to how a culture distributes the roles played by men and women in this culture, this dimension varies more with men than women

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uncertainty avoidance

answer

some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty and unstructured situations

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eclectic view

answer

way of choosing the parts of different theories that seem to best fit a particular situation, rather than using only 1 theory to explain a phenomenon

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most

answer

______ psychological professionals use the eclectic view

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interviews

answer

psychoanalysts, humanistic therapies

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projective tests

answer

psychoanalysts

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personality inventories

answer

trait theorists

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interview

answer

for psychological purposes this is more likely to be unstructured and flow naturally from the beginning dialogue between the client and the psychologist

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halo effect

answer

problem with interview; tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so that all of a person's comments and behavior after that first impression of someone will be interpreted to agree with the impression

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projective tests

answer

show clients ambiguous stimuli in hoping that the client will project unconscious stimuli and ask the clients to tell them what they see. used to explore a client's personality or used as a diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality

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Rorschach Inkblot test

answer

projective test develped in 1921 by Hermann rorschach; 10 inkblot: 5 color and 5 black ink;controversial in scoring

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Thematic Apperception Test

answer

consists of 20 pictures, all black and white, that are shown to a client and the client is asked to tell a story about these

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subjective

answer

projective tests are very ______ (valid only within the person's own perception); and other problems are validity and reliability

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direct observation

answer

psychologist observes the client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in the natural setting of a home, school, or workplace

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rating scale

answer

numerical rating is assigned either by the assessor or client, for specific behaviors

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frequency count

answer

the assessor literally counts the frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit

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ADHD and social-skills

answer

use rating scales and frequency counts to measure:

question

problems with rating scales and frequency counts

answer

observer effect and observer bias

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personality inventory

answer

a questionnaire that has a standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers;

question

more

answer

personality inventory is ______ objective and reliable than projective tests

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myers-briggs

answer

An attempt to sort people according to Carl Jung's 4 personality types; it has 126 questions. Most people agree with their assigned type, as each trait has strengths. However, though it is widely used for job assessment, it probably is not well-suited for that purpose.

question

Jung 4 personality types

answer

sensation/intuition, thinking/feeling, introversion/extraversion, perceiving/judging

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MMPI

answer

most common personality inventory; tests for abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality

question

validity scales

answer

are built into an well-designed psychological inventory and are intended to indicate whether or not a person taking the inventory is responding honestly

question

problems with validity scales

answer

subject to culturural differences in interpretations of questions; some may grow tired and pick answers at random

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observable behaviors

answer

frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing

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MMPI-2

answer

personality assessment might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking

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phrenology

answer

A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain.

question

ego

answer

executive director

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