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is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

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Social psychology

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is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

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Social cognition

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refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

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Person perception

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is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

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stereotype

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are a natural extension of the limits on human cognitive processing and our reliance on concepts in cognitive processing

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stereotype

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when we categorize an individual, that categorization often reflects

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stereotype

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a phenomenon where expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called....

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attribution

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theory that views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

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Attribution theory

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Attributions vary along three dimensions which are....

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Internal/external causes, Stable/unstable causes, Controllable/uncontrollable causes

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities.

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Internal ATTRIBUTION

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, and the weather.

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External attributions

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Beth get an A on the test because she is smart or because the test was easy?

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Internal/external causes

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Is the cause relatively enduring and permanent, or is it temporary?

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Stable/unstable causes

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Aaron blow up at his girlfriend because he is a hostile guy or because he was in a bad mood that day?

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Stable/unstable causes

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? We perceive that we have power over some causes, but not others.

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Controllable/uncontrollable causes

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DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? preparing delicious food for a picnic, rain on picnic day

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Controllable/uncontrollable causes

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In attribution theory, the person who produces the behavior to be explained is called the ......

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actor.

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In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the .....

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observer

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In attribution theory, Actors often explain their own behavior in terms of .....

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external causes.

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In attribution theory, observers frequently explain the actor's behavior in terms of ....

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internal causes.

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observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior is called?

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fundamental attribution error

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news coverage of Hurricane Katrina conveyed grim images of individuals who had not evacuated and were left homeless and helpless in the storm's aftermath. An observer might have concluded, "They were foolish not to get out in time." In fact, situational factors, including lacking financial resources or a means of transportation, may have prevented them from leaving. EXAMPLE OF?

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fundamental attribution error

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cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly.

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Heuristics

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is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do and can be important in social interactions.

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false consensus effect

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Someone in a group to which you belong makes a racially insensitive remark and that person interprets silence on the part of others in the group as agreement. EXAMPLE OF?

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false consensus effect

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the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

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self-esteem

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Individuals with high self-esteem often possess a variety of .....

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positive illusions

question

favorable views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

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positive illusions

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refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.

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Self-serving bias

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is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

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Stereotype threat

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A person who experiences ________ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of the group.

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stereotype threat

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the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.

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Social comparison

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helps us to evaluate ourselves, tells us what our distinctive characteristics are, and aids us in building an identity.

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Social comparison

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According to this theory, when we lack objective means to evaluate our opinions and abilities, we compare ourselves with others. Furthermore, to get an accurate appraisal of ourselves, we are most likely to compare ourselves with others who are similar to us.

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Social comparison theory

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are our feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas.

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Attitudes

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senators whose attitudes toward the president are "highly favorable" are more likely to vote for the president's policies than are senators who have only "moderately favorable" attitudes toward the chief executive.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?

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When the person's attitudes are strong

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a person who has been asked to give a speech about the benefits of recycling is more likely to recycle than is an individual with the same attitude about recycling who has not put the idea into words or defined it in public.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?

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When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them

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a classic study examined whether students would show up for a rally protesting a change that would raise the legal drinking age from 18 to 21. Although students in general were against the change, only those in the critical age group (from 18 to 20) turned out to protest.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?

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When the person has a vested interest

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People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake will affect them personally.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?

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When the person has a vested interest

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a concept developed by Festinger (1957), is an individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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We can reduce cognitive dissonance in one of two ways?

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change our behavior to fit our attitudes or change our attitudes to fit our behavior.

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one type of dissonance reduction, means rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something.

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Effort justification

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explains strong feelings of loyalty toward a group based on the effort it takes to get into that group.

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Effort justification

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is Daryl Bem's (1967) explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes.

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Self-Perception Theory

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According to this theory, individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior. That is, behaviors can cause attitudes because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information.

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Self-Perception Theory

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involves trying to change someone's attitude—and often his or her behavior as well.

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Persuasion

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One model that seeks to explain how different aspects of appeals influence persuasion is the...

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elaboration likelihood model.

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elaboration likelihood model theory identifies two ways to persuade......

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a central route and a peripheral route

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elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that works by engaging someone thoughtfully, with a sound, logical argument.

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a central route

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elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that involves non-message factors such as the source's credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeals.

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a peripheral route

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elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is effective when people are not paying close attention to or do not have the time or energy to think about the message.

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a peripheral route

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Television advertisers often use the which route to persuasion on the assumption that during commercials, you are probably not paying full attention to the screen.

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a peripheral route

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elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention to the facts

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central route

question

is the area of psychology that examines how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

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Social Cognition

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refers to the processes by which people use social stimuli to form their impressions of others.

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Person perception

question

People judge others by their looks. The face can tell a lot about someone to a .....

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social perceiver.

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________ individuals are thought to be better adjusted, socially skilled, friendly, likable, extraverted, and more likely to achieve superior job performance.

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Attractive

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Research has shown that even three- to six-month-old infants prefer to look at ____ faces vs. ____ ones.

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attractive; unattractive

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are generalizations about a group's characteristics that do vary from one individual to the next.

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Stereotypes

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are used to simplify our understanding of people by classifying them as belonging to one group or another.

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Stereotypes

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an individual's expectations cause him or her to act in ways that serve to make those expectations come true.

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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is an individual's tendency to attend to and remember what was learned first.

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primacy effect

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A recent study shows that _____ is made after about 100 millisecond of exposure time to an unfamiliar face.

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judgment

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views individuals as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

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attribution theory

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In attribution theory, which cause includes all causes internal to the person and includes all causes external to the person?

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internal/external

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In attribution theory, which cause arises as an individual perceives the cause of a given behavior to be stable or unstable.

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stable/unstable

question

In attribution theory, which cause relates to whether a cause is perceived as controllable or uncontrollable.

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controllable/uncontrollable

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occurs when the importance of internal traits is overestimated and the importance of external situations is underestimated.

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fundamental attribution error

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Most individuals tend to explain behavior in terms of the_______ of the people involved rather than the ________of the people.

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personalities; situation

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are social shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions rapidly.

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Heuristics

question

is an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way an individual does.

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false consensus effect

question

This effect is the result of an individual's using his or her own outlook to predict that of others.

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false consensus effect

question

One of the most important self-related variables is....

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self-esteem

question

the degree to which an individual has a positive or negative attitude about themselves.

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self-esteem

question

is a positive view that individuals have about themselves that is not necessarily rooted in reality.

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positive illusion

question

Most people tend to think of themselves as above average in a variety of positive characteristics. EXAMPLE OF?

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positive illusion

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refers to the tendency to take credit for success but deny responsibility for failures.

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self-serving bias

question

refers to the tendency of an individual to see himself or herself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.

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Self-objectification

question

is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about his or her group.

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stereotype threat

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has been shown to have a negative effect on women taking a math test compared to men with equally strong math training.

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stereotype threat

question

is the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

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Social comparison

question

Individuals are more likely to compare themselves to others similar to them. EXAMPLE OF?

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Social comparison

question

are how individuals feel about things, their opinions and beliefs.

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Attitudes

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When the person's attitudes are strong. EXAMPLE OF?

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WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude

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When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and rehearses and practices them. EXAMPLE OF?

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WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude

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When the person's attitudes are relevant to the behavior. EXAMPLE OF?

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WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude

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When the person has a vested interest in the issue. EXAMPLE OF?

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WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude

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Research has shown that changes in behavior sometimes precede changes in....

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attitudes.

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occurs when an individual's psychological discomfort is caused by two inconsistent thoughts—what that individual does and what he or she says they believe are inconsistent.

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Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

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To escape the tension, the individual can either change his or her attitude or actions. The individual will try to justify his or her actions or change attitude before changing behavior. THIS IS CALLED?

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Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

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can be explained by saying that goals requiring a lot of effort are the ones that come to be valued the most.

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Effort justification

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If a great deal of effort is put forth yet the goal is still not reached, __________ occurs. THIS IS CALLED?

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cognitive dissonance; Effort justification

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stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.

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self-perception theory

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In this theory, Behaviors can cause attitudes.

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self-perception theory

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occurs when individuals try to change another's attitudes.

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Persuasion

question

aspect of persuasion, whether or not someone is believable depends on their expertise or credibility. KNOWN AS?

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The Communicator (the Source)

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aspect of persuasion, Emotional appeals are quite powerful. Negative appeals play to the audience's emotions. KNOWN AS?

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The Message

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The less informed an audience, the more likely they will respond to an....

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emotional appeal.

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aspect of persuasion, refers to how a message is presented, meaning the type of technology used. KNOWN AS?

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medium

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aspect of persuasion, age and attitude strengths are two characteristics of an audience that can determine whether or not a message will be effective. KNOWN AS?

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The Target

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aspect of persuasion, Younger people are more likely to change their attitudes than older ones. KNOWN AS?

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The Target

question

explains the relationship between the rational and emotional aspects of appeals.

answer

elaboration likelihood model

question

It describes two ways to persuade: one is a central route, which engages someone thoughtfully, the other a peripheral route, which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.

answer

elaboration likelihood model

question

aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which engages someone thoughtfully

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central route

question

aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.

answer

a peripheral route

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