Psychology-Ch. 11 Social Cognition – Flashcards

question
is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
answer
Social psychology
question
is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
answer
Social cognition
question
refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
answer
Person perception
question
is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
answer
stereotype
question
are a natural extension of the limits on human cognitive processing and our reliance on concepts in cognitive processing
answer
stereotype
question
when we categorize an individual, that categorization often reflects
answer
stereotype
question
a phenomenon where expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
answer
Self-fulfilling prophecy
question
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called....
answer
attribution
question
theory that views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
answer
Attribution theory
question
Attributions vary along three dimensions which are....
answer
Internal/external causes, Stable/unstable causes, Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities.
answer
Internal ATTRIBUTION
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, and the weather.
answer
External attributions
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Beth get an A on the test because she is smart or because the test was easy?
answer
Internal/external causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Is the cause relatively enduring and permanent, or is it temporary?
answer
Stable/unstable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Aaron blow up at his girlfriend because he is a hostile guy or because he was in a bad mood that day?
answer
Stable/unstable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? We perceive that we have power over some causes, but not others.
answer
Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? preparing delicious food for a picnic, rain on picnic day
answer
Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
In attribution theory, the person who produces the behavior to be explained is called the ......
answer
actor.
question
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the .....
answer
observer
question
In attribution theory, Actors often explain their own behavior in terms of .....
answer
external causes.
question
In attribution theory, observers frequently explain the actor's behavior in terms of ....
answer
internal causes.
question
observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior is called?
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
news coverage of Hurricane Katrina conveyed grim images of individuals who had not evacuated and were left homeless and helpless in the storm's aftermath. An observer might have concluded, "They were foolish not to get out in time." In fact, situational factors, including lacking financial resources or a means of transportation, may have prevented them from leaving. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly.
answer
Heuristics
question
is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do and can be important in social interactions.
answer
false consensus effect
question
Someone in a group to which you belong makes a racially insensitive remark and that person interprets silence on the part of others in the group as agreement. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
false consensus effect
question
the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
answer
self-esteem
question
Individuals with high self-esteem often possess a variety of .....
answer
positive illusions
question
favorable views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
answer
positive illusions
question
refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.
answer
Self-serving bias
question
is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
answer
Stereotype threat
question
A person who experiences ________ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of the group.
answer
stereotype threat
question
the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.
answer
Social comparison
question
helps us to evaluate ourselves, tells us what our distinctive characteristics are, and aids us in building an identity.
answer
Social comparison
question
According to this theory, when we lack objective means to evaluate our opinions and abilities, we compare ourselves with others. Furthermore, to get an accurate appraisal of ourselves, we are most likely to compare ourselves with others who are similar to us.
answer
Social comparison theory
question
are our feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas.
answer
Attitudes
question
senators whose attitudes toward the president are "highly favorable" are more likely to vote for the president's policies than are senators who have only "moderately favorable" attitudes toward the chief executive.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person's attitudes are strong
question
a person who has been asked to give a speech about the benefits of recycling is more likely to recycle than is an individual with the same attitude about recycling who has not put the idea into words or defined it in public.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them
question
a classic study examined whether students would show up for a rally protesting a change that would raise the legal drinking age from 18 to 21. Although students in general were against the change, only those in the critical age group (from 18 to 20) turned out to protest.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person has a vested interest
question
People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake will affect them personally.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person has a vested interest
question
a concept developed by Festinger (1957), is an individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
answer
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
question
According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.
answer
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
question
We can reduce cognitive dissonance in one of two ways?
answer
change our behavior to fit our attitudes or change our attitudes to fit our behavior.
question
one type of dissonance reduction, means rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something.
answer
Effort justification
question
explains strong feelings of loyalty toward a group based on the effort it takes to get into that group.
answer
Effort justification
question
is Daryl Bem's (1967) explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes.
answer
Self-Perception Theory
question
According to this theory, individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior. That is, behaviors can cause attitudes because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information.
answer
Self-Perception Theory
question
involves trying to change someone's attitude—and often his or her behavior as well.
answer
Persuasion
question
One model that seeks to explain how different aspects of appeals influence persuasion is the...
answer
elaboration likelihood model.
question
elaboration likelihood model theory identifies two ways to persuade......
answer
a central route and a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that works by engaging someone thoughtfully, with a sound, logical argument.
answer
a central route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that involves non-message factors such as the source's credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeals.
answer
a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is effective when people are not paying close attention to or do not have the time or energy to think about the message.
answer
a peripheral route
question
Television advertisers often use the which route to persuasion on the assumption that during commercials, you are probably not paying full attention to the screen.
answer
a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention to the facts
answer
central route
question
is the area of psychology that examines how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
answer
Social Cognition
question
refers to the processes by which people use social stimuli to form their impressions of others.
answer
Person perception
question
People judge others by their looks. The face can tell a lot about someone to a .....
answer
social perceiver.
question
________ individuals are thought to be better adjusted, socially skilled, friendly, likable, extraverted, and more likely to achieve superior job performance.
answer
Attractive
question
Research has shown that even three- to six-month-old infants prefer to look at ____ faces vs. ____ ones.
answer
attractive; unattractive
question
are generalizations about a group's characteristics that do vary from one individual to the next.
answer
Stereotypes
question
are used to simplify our understanding of people by classifying them as belonging to one group or another.
answer
Stereotypes
question
an individual's expectations cause him or her to act in ways that serve to make those expectations come true.
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
is an individual's tendency to attend to and remember what was learned first.
answer
primacy effect
question
A recent study shows that _____ is made after about 100 millisecond of exposure time to an unfamiliar face.
answer
judgment
question
views individuals as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
answer
attribution theory
question
In attribution theory, which cause includes all causes internal to the person and includes all causes external to the person?
answer
internal/external
question
In attribution theory, which cause arises as an individual perceives the cause of a given behavior to be stable or unstable.
answer
stable/unstable
question
In attribution theory, which cause relates to whether a cause is perceived as controllable or uncontrollable.
answer
controllable/uncontrollable
question
occurs when the importance of internal traits is overestimated and the importance of external situations is underestimated.
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
Most individuals tend to explain behavior in terms of the_______ of the people involved rather than the ________of the people.
answer
personalities; situation
question
are social shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions rapidly.
answer
Heuristics
question
is an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way an individual does.
answer
false consensus effect
question
This effect is the result of an individual's using his or her own outlook to predict that of others.
answer
false consensus effect
question
One of the most important self-related variables is....
answer
self-esteem
question
the degree to which an individual has a positive or negative attitude about themselves.
answer
self-esteem
question
is a positive view that individuals have about themselves that is not necessarily rooted in reality.
answer
positive illusion
question
Most people tend to think of themselves as above average in a variety of positive characteristics. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
positive illusion
question
refers to the tendency to take credit for success but deny responsibility for failures.
answer
self-serving bias
question
refers to the tendency of an individual to see himself or herself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.
answer
Self-objectification
question
is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about his or her group.
answer
stereotype threat
question
has been shown to have a negative effect on women taking a math test compared to men with equally strong math training.
answer
stereotype threat
question
is the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.
answer
Social comparison
question
Individuals are more likely to compare themselves to others similar to them. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
Social comparison
question
are how individuals feel about things, their opinions and beliefs.
answer
Attitudes
question
When the person's attitudes are strong. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and rehearses and practices them. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person's attitudes are relevant to the behavior. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person has a vested interest in the issue. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
Research has shown that changes in behavior sometimes precede changes in....
answer
attitudes.
question
occurs when an individual's psychological discomfort is caused by two inconsistent thoughts—what that individual does and what he or she says they believe are inconsistent.
answer
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
question
To escape the tension, the individual can either change his or her attitude or actions. The individual will try to justify his or her actions or change attitude before changing behavior. THIS IS CALLED?
answer
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
question
can be explained by saying that goals requiring a lot of effort are the ones that come to be valued the most.
answer
Effort justification
question
If a great deal of effort is put forth yet the goal is still not reached, __________ occurs. THIS IS CALLED?
answer
cognitive dissonance; Effort justification
question
stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.
answer
self-perception theory
question
In this theory, Behaviors can cause attitudes.
answer
self-perception theory
question
occurs when individuals try to change another's attitudes.
answer
Persuasion
question
aspect of persuasion, whether or not someone is believable depends on their expertise or credibility. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Communicator (the Source)
question
aspect of persuasion, Emotional appeals are quite powerful. Negative appeals play to the audience's emotions. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Message
question
The less informed an audience, the more likely they will respond to an....
answer
emotional appeal.
question
aspect of persuasion, refers to how a message is presented, meaning the type of technology used. KNOWN AS?
answer
medium
question
aspect of persuasion, age and attitude strengths are two characteristics of an audience that can determine whether or not a message will be effective. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Target
question
aspect of persuasion, Younger people are more likely to change their attitudes than older ones. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Target
question
explains the relationship between the rational and emotional aspects of appeals.
answer
elaboration likelihood model
question
It describes two ways to persuade: one is a central route, which engages someone thoughtfully, the other a peripheral route, which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.
answer
elaboration likelihood model
question
aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which engages someone thoughtfully
answer
central route
question
aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.
answer
a peripheral route
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question
is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
answer
Social psychology
question
is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
answer
Social cognition
question
refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
answer
Person perception
question
is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
answer
stereotype
question
are a natural extension of the limits on human cognitive processing and our reliance on concepts in cognitive processing
answer
stereotype
question
when we categorize an individual, that categorization often reflects
answer
stereotype
question
a phenomenon where expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true.
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
answer
Self-fulfilling prophecy
question
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called....
answer
attribution
question
theory that views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
answer
Attribution theory
question
Attributions vary along three dimensions which are....
answer
Internal/external causes, Stable/unstable causes, Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities.
answer
Internal ATTRIBUTION
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? include causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, and the weather.
answer
External attributions
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Beth get an A on the test because she is smart or because the test was easy?
answer
Internal/external causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Is the cause relatively enduring and permanent, or is it temporary?
answer
Stable/unstable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? Did Aaron blow up at his girlfriend because he is a hostile guy or because he was in a bad mood that day?
answer
Stable/unstable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: WHICH ONE? We perceive that we have power over some causes, but not others.
answer
Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
DIMENSION OF ATTRIBUTIONS: EXAMPLE OF? preparing delicious food for a picnic, rain on picnic day
answer
Controllable/uncontrollable causes
question
In attribution theory, the person who produces the behavior to be explained is called the ......
answer
actor.
question
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the .....
answer
observer
question
In attribution theory, Actors often explain their own behavior in terms of .....
answer
external causes.
question
In attribution theory, observers frequently explain the actor's behavior in terms of ....
answer
internal causes.
question
observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior is called?
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
news coverage of Hurricane Katrina conveyed grim images of individuals who had not evacuated and were left homeless and helpless in the storm's aftermath. An observer might have concluded, "They were foolish not to get out in time." In fact, situational factors, including lacking financial resources or a means of transportation, may have prevented them from leaving. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly.
answer
Heuristics
question
is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do and can be important in social interactions.
answer
false consensus effect
question
Someone in a group to which you belong makes a racially insensitive remark and that person interprets silence on the part of others in the group as agreement. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
false consensus effect
question
the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
answer
self-esteem
question
Individuals with high self-esteem often possess a variety of .....
answer
positive illusions
question
favorable views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
answer
positive illusions
question
refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.
answer
Self-serving bias
question
is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.
answer
Stereotype threat
question
A person who experiences ________ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of the group.
answer
stereotype threat
question
the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.
answer
Social comparison
question
helps us to evaluate ourselves, tells us what our distinctive characteristics are, and aids us in building an identity.
answer
Social comparison
question
According to this theory, when we lack objective means to evaluate our opinions and abilities, we compare ourselves with others. Furthermore, to get an accurate appraisal of ourselves, we are most likely to compare ourselves with others who are similar to us.
answer
Social comparison theory
question
are our feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas.
answer
Attitudes
question
senators whose attitudes toward the president are "highly favorable" are more likely to vote for the president's policies than are senators who have only "moderately favorable" attitudes toward the chief executive.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person's attitudes are strong
question
a person who has been asked to give a speech about the benefits of recycling is more likely to recycle than is an individual with the same attitude about recycling who has not put the idea into words or defined it in public.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them
question
a classic study examined whether students would show up for a rally protesting a change that would raise the legal drinking age from 18 to 21. Although students in general were against the change, only those in the critical age group (from 18 to 20) turned out to protest.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person has a vested interest
question
People are more likely to act on attitudes when the issue at stake will affect them personally.EXAMPLE OF WHICH ATTITUDES THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR?
answer
When the person has a vested interest
question
a concept developed by Festinger (1957), is an individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
answer
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
question
According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.
answer
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
question
We can reduce cognitive dissonance in one of two ways?
answer
change our behavior to fit our attitudes or change our attitudes to fit our behavior.
question
one type of dissonance reduction, means rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something.
answer
Effort justification
question
explains strong feelings of loyalty toward a group based on the effort it takes to get into that group.
answer
Effort justification
question
is Daryl Bem's (1967) explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes.
answer
Self-Perception Theory
question
According to this theory, individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior. That is, behaviors can cause attitudes because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information.
answer
Self-Perception Theory
question
involves trying to change someone's attitude—and often his or her behavior as well.
answer
Persuasion
question
One model that seeks to explain how different aspects of appeals influence persuasion is the...
answer
elaboration likelihood model.
question
elaboration likelihood model theory identifies two ways to persuade......
answer
a central route and a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that works by engaging someone thoughtfully, with a sound, logical argument.
answer
a central route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that involves non-message factors such as the source's credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeals.
answer
a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is effective when people are not paying close attention to or do not have the time or energy to think about the message.
answer
a peripheral route
question
Television advertisers often use the which route to persuasion on the assumption that during commercials, you are probably not paying full attention to the screen.
answer
a peripheral route
question
elaboration likelihood model theory ways to persuade that is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention to the facts
answer
central route
question
is the area of psychology that examines how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.
answer
Social Cognition
question
refers to the processes by which people use social stimuli to form their impressions of others.
answer
Person perception
question
People judge others by their looks. The face can tell a lot about someone to a .....
answer
social perceiver.
question
________ individuals are thought to be better adjusted, socially skilled, friendly, likable, extraverted, and more likely to achieve superior job performance.
answer
Attractive
question
Research has shown that even three- to six-month-old infants prefer to look at ____ faces vs. ____ ones.
answer
attractive; unattractive
question
are generalizations about a group's characteristics that do vary from one individual to the next.
answer
Stereotypes
question
are used to simplify our understanding of people by classifying them as belonging to one group or another.
answer
Stereotypes
question
an individual's expectations cause him or her to act in ways that serve to make those expectations come true.
answer
self-fulfilling prophecy
question
is an individual's tendency to attend to and remember what was learned first.
answer
primacy effect
question
A recent study shows that _____ is made after about 100 millisecond of exposure time to an unfamiliar face.
answer
judgment
question
views individuals as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
answer
attribution theory
question
In attribution theory, which cause includes all causes internal to the person and includes all causes external to the person?
answer
internal/external
question
In attribution theory, which cause arises as an individual perceives the cause of a given behavior to be stable or unstable.
answer
stable/unstable
question
In attribution theory, which cause relates to whether a cause is perceived as controllable or uncontrollable.
answer
controllable/uncontrollable
question
occurs when the importance of internal traits is overestimated and the importance of external situations is underestimated.
answer
fundamental attribution error
question
Most individuals tend to explain behavior in terms of the_______ of the people involved rather than the ________of the people.
answer
personalities; situation
question
are social shortcuts that allow individuals to make decisions rapidly.
answer
Heuristics
question
is an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way an individual does.
answer
false consensus effect
question
This effect is the result of an individual's using his or her own outlook to predict that of others.
answer
false consensus effect
question
One of the most important self-related variables is....
answer
self-esteem
question
the degree to which an individual has a positive or negative attitude about themselves.
answer
self-esteem
question
is a positive view that individuals have about themselves that is not necessarily rooted in reality.
answer
positive illusion
question
Most people tend to think of themselves as above average in a variety of positive characteristics. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
positive illusion
question
refers to the tendency to take credit for success but deny responsibility for failures.
answer
self-serving bias
question
refers to the tendency of an individual to see himself or herself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.
answer
Self-objectification
question
is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear about being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about his or her group.
answer
stereotype threat
question
has been shown to have a negative effect on women taking a math test compared to men with equally strong math training.
answer
stereotype threat
question
is the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.
answer
Social comparison
question
Individuals are more likely to compare themselves to others similar to them. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
Social comparison
question
are how individuals feel about things, their opinions and beliefs.
answer
Attitudes
question
When the person's attitudes are strong. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person shows a strong awareness of his or her attitudes and rehearses and practices them. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person's attitudes are relevant to the behavior. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
When the person has a vested interest in the issue. EXAMPLE OF?
answer
WHEN an individual's behavior will change his or her attitude
question
Research has shown that changes in behavior sometimes precede changes in....
answer
attitudes.
question
occurs when an individual's psychological discomfort is caused by two inconsistent thoughts—what that individual does and what he or she says they believe are inconsistent.
answer
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
question
To escape the tension, the individual can either change his or her attitude or actions. The individual will try to justify his or her actions or change attitude before changing behavior. THIS IS CALLED?
answer
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
question
can be explained by saying that goals requiring a lot of effort are the ones that come to be valued the most.
answer
Effort justification
question
If a great deal of effort is put forth yet the goal is still not reached, __________ occurs. THIS IS CALLED?
answer
cognitive dissonance; Effort justification
question
stresses that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.
answer
self-perception theory
question
In this theory, Behaviors can cause attitudes.
answer
self-perception theory
question
occurs when individuals try to change another's attitudes.
answer
Persuasion
question
aspect of persuasion, whether or not someone is believable depends on their expertise or credibility. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Communicator (the Source)
question
aspect of persuasion, Emotional appeals are quite powerful. Negative appeals play to the audience's emotions. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Message
question
The less informed an audience, the more likely they will respond to an....
answer
emotional appeal.
question
aspect of persuasion, refers to how a message is presented, meaning the type of technology used. KNOWN AS?
answer
medium
question
aspect of persuasion, age and attitude strengths are two characteristics of an audience that can determine whether or not a message will be effective. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Target
question
aspect of persuasion, Younger people are more likely to change their attitudes than older ones. KNOWN AS?
answer
The Target
question
explains the relationship between the rational and emotional aspects of appeals.
answer
elaboration likelihood model
question
It describes two ways to persuade: one is a central route, which engages someone thoughtfully, the other a peripheral route, which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.
answer
elaboration likelihood model
question
aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which engages someone thoughtfully
answer
central route
question
aspect of persuasion-elaboration likelihood model, the route which involves such nonmessage factors as the credibility and attractiveness of the presenter.
answer
a peripheral route
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