Question 1

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. delayed reinforcement d. shaping

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 2

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of a. spontaneous recovery b. respondent behavior c. operant conditioning d. observational learning

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 3

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ____________ on learning a. biological predispositions  b. spontaneous recovery c. cognitive processes d. conditioned stimuli

Accepted Answer

biological predispositions

Question 4

Laurie\'s thumb sucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of  a. generalization b. classical conditioning c. latent learning d. operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 5

Asking other people out on dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ____ schedule a. variable-interval b. fixed-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

variable-ratio

Question 6

Positive reinforcers ____ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ____ the rate of operant responding a. decrease;increase b. increase;increase c. increase;decrease d. have no effect on;decrease

Accepted Answer

increase;increase

Question 7

In Pavlov\'s experiments, the dog\'s salvation triggered by the taste of food was a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

unconditioned response

Question 8

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of  a. shaping b. extrinsic motivation c. successive approximations  d. latent learning

Accepted Answer

latent learning

Question 9

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by a. Locke b. Watson c. Pavlov d. Hume

Accepted Answer

Pavlov

Question 10

Which researcher most highlighted the importance of observational learning? a. Watson  b. Skinner c. Bandura d. Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Bandura

Question 11

In operant conditioning, resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ____ reinforcement  a. delayed b. negative c. intermitted d. conditioned

Accepted Answer

intermitted

Question 12

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?  a. clapping after a thrilling concert performance b. playing jump rope c. sweating in hot weather d. running through a maze to get a food reward

Accepted Answer

sweating in hot weather

Question 13

After learning to fear a white rat, little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of  a. generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. discrimination d. shaping

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 14

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of  a. latent learning b. shaping c. generalization d. spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 15

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworms contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called  a. generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. shaping d. acquisition

Accepted Answer

acquisition

Question 16

In operant conditioning, extinction means  a. a response that is no longer reinforced is eliminated b. reinforcement is intermitted and so responding occurs only in certain situations  c. response that is no longer reinforced occurs only once in awhile  d. reinforcement is intermitted and so responding is less frequent

Accepted Answer

a response that is no longer reinforced is eliminated

Question 17

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace\'s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ____ schedule. a. variable-interval b. variable-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. fixed-interval

Accepted Answer

variable-interval

Question 18

According to the text, learning involves a. the ability to think abstractly  b. reduction in extrinsic motivation c. the development of prosocial behavior d. a change in behavior due to experience

Accepted Answer

a change in behavior due to experience

Question 19

An organism learns associations between events it doesn\'t control during the process of  a. shaping b. extrinsic motivation c. classical conditioning d. negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 20

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of a. spontaneous recovery b. conditioned reinforcers c. cognitive processes d. respondent behavior

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes

Question 21

In Pavlov\'s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was  a. the presentation of food in the dog\'s mouth b. salvation to the food in the mouth c. salvation to the sound of a tone d. a tone

Accepted Answer

the presentation of food in the dog\'s mouth

Question 22

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of  a. classical conditioning  b. spontaneous recovery c. operant conditioning d. observational learning

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 23

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a tasty treat. This best illustrates the process underlying  a. operant conditioning b. respondent behavior c. adaptation d. spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 24

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate on other body parts. This best illustrates  a. spontaneous recovery b. latent learning c. continuous reinforcement d. generalization

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 25

An unlearned and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n) a. drive b. instinct c. set point d. incentive

Accepted Answer

instinct

Question 26

An animal trainer is teaching a mini poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of  a. successive approximations b. classical conditioning c. delayed reinforcement d. secondary reinforcement

Accepted Answer

successive approximations

Question 27

Receiving delicious food is to escaping a painful electric shock as ____ is to ____ a. positive reinforcer;negative reinforcer b. primary reinforcer;secondary reinforcer c. immediate reinforcer;delayed reinforcer d. reinforcement; punishment

Accepted Answer

positive reinforcer;negative reinforcer

Question 28

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet that he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ____ schedule of reinforcement  a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval

Accepted Answer

fixed-ratio

Question 29

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus b. immediate response c. conditioned stimulus  d. operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

conditioned stimulus

Question 30

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? a. latent learning b. classical conditioning c. respondent conditioning d. operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 31

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use  a. classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning b. partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement c. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers d. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers

Accepted Answer

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

Question 32

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called  a. generalization b. acquisition c. spontaneous recovery d. discrimination

Accepted Answer

discrimination

Question 33

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ____ in conditioning  a. generalization b. cognitive processes c. shaping d. discriminations

Accepted Answer

cognitive processes

Question 34

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) a. cognitive psychologist b. physiological psychologist  c. behaviorist  d. psychoanalyst

Accepted Answer

behaviorist

Question 35

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of  a. instincts  b. homeostasis c. arousal d. incentives

Accepted Answer

incentives

Question 36

Learning associations between one\'s own behavior and resulting events is to _____ as learning associations between events one doesn\'t control is to _____ a. operant conditioning;classical conditioning b. classical conditioning;operant conditioning c. latent learning;observational learning d. observational learning;latent learning

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning;classical conditioning

Question 37

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by a. emotions b. unconscious motives c. conscious thoughts  d. external influences

Accepted Answer

external influences

Question 38

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction  a. the CR is eliminated b. the CS is eliminated c. the CS is suppressed d. The CR is suppressed

Accepted Answer

The CR is suppressed

Question 39

Extinction occurs when a _____ is no longer paired with a _____ a. US;UR b. UR;CR c. CS;UR d. CS;US

Accepted Answer

CS;US

Question 40

In classical conditioning, the _____ signals the impending occurrence of the _____ a. CR;UR b. US;CS c. CS;US d. UR;CR

Accepted Answer

CS;US

Question 41

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also start to fear speeding trucks/motorcycles. This best illustrates  a. spontaneous responding b. generalization c. shaping d. secondary responding

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 42

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence _____ increased rates of violent behavior a. is unrelated to b. inhibits c. causes d. predicts

Accepted Answer

predicts

Question 43

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a  a. UR b. CR c. US d. CS

Accepted Answer

CR

Question 44

Mason, a stockbroker, runs 2 miles everyday after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason\'s running habit is maintained by a ____ reinforcer a. positive b. partial c. negative d. conditioned

Accepted Answer

negative

Question 45

What is unconscious experience? a. the learning that takes place outside of our control  b. the learning that takes place within our control

Accepted Answer

the learning that takes place outside of our control

Question 46

What is conscious experience? a. the learning that takes place outside of our control  b. the learning that takes place within our control

Accepted Answer

the learning that takes place within our control

Question 47

Reinforcement? a. behavior increases  b. behavior decreases

Accepted Answer

behavior increases

Question 48

Punishment? a. behavior increases b. behavior decreases

Accepted Answer

behavior decreases

Question 49

Examples of primary reinforcers a. food, praise b. job, money

Accepted Answer

food, praise

Question 50

Examples of secondary reinforcers a. food, praise b. job, money

Accepted Answer

job, money

Question 51

Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others best illustrates a. observational learning b. operant conditioning c. prosocial behavior d. respondent behavior

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 52

Food deprivation is to __________ as hunger is to ______________. a. drive;need b. need;drive c. homeostasis;thirst d. incentive;instinct

Accepted Answer

need;drive

Question 53

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n): a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. reinforcer d. operant behavior

Accepted Answer

reinforcer

Question 54

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone a. generalization b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 55

Pavlov\'s research on classical conditioning was important because a. all learning depends on reinforcement b. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning c. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned d. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning

Accepted Answer

so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

Question 56

For the purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of a. reinforcement over punishment b. shaping over modeling c. classical conditioning over operant conditioning d. primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

reinforcement over punishment

Question 57

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to a. fear cars in the street b. dislike the taste of dead birds c. retrieve sticks and balls d. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited

Accepted Answer

retrieve sticks and balls

Question 58

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha\'s skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? a. stimulus discrimination b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 59

Motivation is defined by psychologists as a. rigidly patterned behaviors characteristic of all people b. a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal c. an impulse to accomplish something of significance d. the cause of behavior

Accepted Answer

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

Question 60

Arnold so easily remembers his old boyfriend\'s telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new boyfriend\'s number. Arnold\'s difficulty best illustrates a. the spacing effect b. source amnesia c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

Accepted Answer

proactive interference

Question 61

Negative reinforcers ____________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments __________ the rate of operant responding. a. increase;increase b. increase;decrease c. decrease;increase d. decrease;decrease

Accepted Answer

increase;decrease

Question 62

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a a. CS b. US c. UR d. CR

Accepted Answer

CS

Question 63

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to _____________ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ____________. a. latent learning; observational learning b. acquisition; extinction c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning d. secondary reinforcement; primary reinforcement

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning;classical conditioning

Question 64

Spontaneous recovery refers to the a. organism\'s tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS b. return of a response after punishment has been terminated c. reappearance, after a rest pause, of an extinguished conditioned response d. expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed due to a lack of incentive

Accepted Answer

reappearance, after a rest pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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